Empathy, psychometrics, cut‐off points in nursing students from Latin America

Background Currently, there are no cut‐off points for levels of empathy, making it difficult to assess the change experienced in its development or as a result of its intervention. It is an unsolved problem. Introduction Empathy is a cognitive‐affective attribute that enables nursing staff to mainta...

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Published in:International nursing review 2023-06, Vol.70 (2), p.185-193
Main Authors: Díaz‐Narváez, Víctor P., Calzadilla‐Núñez, Aracelis, Reyes‐Reyes, Alejandro, Lastre Amell, Gloria, Castellón‐Montenegro, Herminia, Andrade Valles, Irma, Fernández‐Aragón, Shirley, Fajardo‐Ramos, Elizabeth, Santander Díaz, Karina, Torres‐Martínez, Pilar, Muñoz Gámbaro, Gina, Borja González, Juana, Arispe‐Alburqueque, Claudia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
College students
Cross-Sectional Studies
cut‐off points
Empathy
Factor analysis
Health services
Humans
Intervention
Latin America
Latin América
Nursing
Nursing education
nursing students
Professional relationships
Professionals
Psychometrics
Quantitative psychology
Reliability
Reproducibility of Results
Students
Students, Medical - psychology
Students, Nursing - psychology
Surveys and Questionnaires
Values
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Summary:Background Currently, there are no cut‐off points for levels of empathy, making it difficult to assess the change experienced in its development or as a result of its intervention. It is an unsolved problem. Introduction Empathy is a cognitive‐affective attribute that enables nursing staff to maintain a professional relationship that entails various benefits for the patient. Its strengthening and development during university education is desirable. Empathy studies in Latin American nursing students are based on the direct scores obtained on an empathy test, based on which the variable is described and groups are compared. Statistical comparisons are not enough to discriminate substantive changes since two statistical values can show differences without implying that the post‐intervention levels may correspond to a higher category in relation to those of pre‐intervention or that two compared groups are qualitatively different. The above applies to empathic behaviour and is valid for students and professionals of health. This study aimed to establish cut‐off points that allow defining ordinal categories in empathy. Methods In this multicenter and cross‐sectional study, 3712 students from 11 Latin American nursing schools participated. The Jefferson Empathy Scale (JES) was applied; the psychometric properties were confirmed by Factor Analysis Confirmatory and Invariance. Results The JSE empathy scale is a measure with adequate reliability and construct validity. Examined cut‐offs determined a structure of five empathy intervals that allowed them to be classified as empathy values in very high, high, medium, low and very low. Discussion The sequence of statistical tests carried out allowed us to determine ranges of categorical values in the empathy levels of groups of students. However, the determined categories may constitute a specific characteristic of them. It is not possible to extrapolate these results to regions other than those of Latin America. Conclusion The estimated rankings allow comparing levels of empathy between groups of nursing students and the real effect of empathic interventions. Implications for nursing To contribute with strategies to evaluate changes in the empathic skills of nursing students, resulting in a well‐valued skill in health services. Implications for nursing policy The cut‐off points define evaluative categories (very low, low, medium, high and very high) that allow objective classification of levels of empathy achieved aft
ISSN:0020-8132
1466-7657
DOI:10.1111/inr.12783