Advances in monitoring for acute spinal cord injury: a narrative review of current literature

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that affects about 17,000 individuals every year in the United States, with approximately 294,000 people living with the ramifications of the initial injury. After the initial primary injury, SCI has a secondary phase during which the spinal cord s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The spine journal 2022-08, Vol.22 (8), p.1372-1387
Main Authors: Tsehay, Yohannes, Weber-Levine, Carly, Kim, Timothy, Chara, Alejandro, Alomari, Safwan, Awosika, Tolulope, Liu, Ann, Ehresman, Jeffrey, Lehner, Kurt, Hwang, Brian, Hersh, Andrew M., Suk, Ian, Curry, Eli, Aghabaglou, Fariba, Zeng, Yinuo, Manbachi, Amir, Theodore, Nicholas
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Advanced monitoring for spinal cord injury
Artificial intelligence
Biomarkers
Electrophysiology
Imaging
Machine learning
MRI
Spinal cord injury
Ultrasound
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Summary:Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that affects about 17,000 individuals every year in the United States, with approximately 294,000 people living with the ramifications of the initial injury. After the initial primary injury, SCI has a secondary phase during which the spinal cord sustains further injury due to ischemia, excitotoxicity, immune-mediated damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The multifaceted injury progression process requires a sophisticated injury-monitoring technique for an accurate assessment of SCI patients. In this narrative review, we discuss SCI monitoring modalities, including pressure probes and catheters, micro dialysis, electrophysiologic measures, biomarkers, and imaging studies. The optimal next-generation injury monitoring setup should include multiple modalities and should integrate the data to produce a final simplified assessment of the injury and determine markers of intervention to improve patient outcomes.
ISSN:1529-9430
1878-1632
DOI:10.1016/j.spinee.2022.03.012