Development of the immune system in the human embryo

The fetal immune system is highly specialized which is to generate both tolerogenic and protective immune responses to tolerate both self- and maternal-antigens. Fetal T cells with pro-inflammatory potential are born in a tolerogenic environment and are tightly controlled by both cell-intrinsic and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Pediatric research 2022-10, Vol.92 (4), p.951-955
Main Authors: Hossain, Zakir, Reza, A H M Mohsinul, Qasem, Wafaa A, Friel, James K, Omri, Abdelwahab
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptive Immunity
B-Lymphocytes
Bone marrow
Connective tissue
Coronary vessels
Fetus
Fetuses
Humans
Immune System
Immunity, Innate
Infant, Newborn
Liver
Lungs
Pathogens
Pediatrics
Skin
Spleen
Thymus gland
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Summary:The fetal immune system is highly specialized which is to generate both tolerogenic and protective immune responses to tolerate both self- and maternal-antigens. Fetal T cells with pro-inflammatory potential are born in a tolerogenic environment and are tightly controlled by both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. Fetal B-1 and B-2 B cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses, respectively, arise in staggered waves of development from distinct progenitors. Innate immune responses are the key to the protection against infection and adaptive immunity creates memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen. This review aims to discuss the recent advances in understanding the development of immune system in fetus. IMPACT: During gestation, essential developmental changes occur to survive the neonates. At early stage, developmental signals and changes may be influenced due to immune deficiencies.
ISSN:0031-3998
1530-0447
DOI:10.1038/s41390-022-01940-0