Viruses and Metabolism: The Effects of Viral Infections and Viral Insulins on Host Metabolism

Over the past decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the cross-talk between viruses and host metabolism. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms through which viral infections manipulate metabolic pathways including glucose, fatty acid, protein, and nucleotide metabolism. T...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Annual review of virology 2021-09, Vol.8 (1), p.373-391
Main Authors: Girdhar, Khyati, Powis, Amaya, Raisingani, Amol, Chrudinová, Martina, Huang, Ruixu, Tran, Tu, Sevgi, Kaan, Dogus Dogru, Yusuf, Altindis, Emrah
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
glutaminolysis
Glycolysis
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Insulins - pharmacology
lipid metabolism
metabolism
viral insulins
Virus Diseases - drug therapy
Virus Replication
Viruses
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Summary:Over the past decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the cross-talk between viruses and host metabolism. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms through which viral infections manipulate metabolic pathways including glucose, fatty acid, protein, and nucleotide metabolism. These pathways are evolutionarily conserved across the tree of life and extremely important for the host's nutrient utilization and energy production. In this review, we focus on host glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid metabolism and highlight the pathways manipulated by the different classes of viruses to increase their replication. We also explore a new system of viral hormones in which viruses mimic host hormones to manipulate the host endocrine system. We discuss viral insulin IGF-1-like peptides and their potential effects on host metabolism. Together, these pathogenesis mechanisms targeting cellular signaling pathways create a multidimensional network of interactions between host and viral proteins. Defining and better understanding these mechanisms will help us to develop new therapeutic tools to prevent and treat viral infections.
ISSN:2327-056X
2327-0578
DOI:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102416