Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in magnetic resonance environment: an update on regulation, exposure assessment techniques, health risk evaluation, and surveillance

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most-used diagnostic imaging methods worldwide. There are ∼50,000 MRI scanners worldwide each of which involves a minimum of five workers from different disciplines who spend their working days around MRI scanners. This review analyzes the state of the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Medical & biological engineering & computing 2022-02, Vol.60 (2), p.297-320
Main Authors: Hartwig, Valentina, Virgili, Giorgio, Mattei, F ederica, Biagini, Cristiano, Romeo, Stefania, Zeni, Olga, Scarfì, Maria Rosaria, Massa, Rita, Campanella, Francesco, Landini, Luigi, Gobba, Fabriziomaria, Modenese, Alberto, Giovannetti, Giulio
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biological effects
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Biomedicine
Computer Applications
Electromagnetic fields
Electromagnetic Fields - adverse effects
Electromagnetism
Exposure
Health risks
Health surveillance
Human Physiology
Humans
Imaging
Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Medical imaging
Occupational exposure
Occupational Exposure - analysis
Occupational health
Radiology
Resonance
Review Article
Risk Assessment
Scanners
Scientific papers
State-of-the-art reviews
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Summary:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most-used diagnostic imaging methods worldwide. There are ∼50,000 MRI scanners worldwide each of which involves a minimum of five workers from different disciplines who spend their working days around MRI scanners. This review analyzes the state of the art of literature about the several aspects of the occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in MRI: regulations, literature studies on biological effects, and health surveillance are addressed here in detail, along with a summary of the main approaches for exposure assessment. The original research papers published from 2013 to 2021 in international peer-reviewed journals, in the English language, are analyzed, together with documents published by legislative bodies. The key points for each topic are identified and described together with useful tips for precise safeguarding of MRI operators, in terms of exposure assessment, studies on biological effects, and health surveillance. Graphical abstract
ISSN:0140-0118
1741-0444
DOI:10.1007/s11517-021-02435-6