Chloroquine inhibits pro-inflammatory effects of heme on macrophages and invivo

Chloroquine has been used successfully to treat Malaria, including by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium sp., indicating that it has effects on disease itself. Since heme has inflammatory effects and contributes to the pathogenesis of hemolytic diseases, we hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory effec...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Free radical biology & medicine 2021-09, Vol.173, p.104-116
Main Authors: Silva, Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa, Tan, Luis, Rodrigues, Danielle Aparecida, Prestes, Elisa Beatriz, Gomes, Caroline Pereira, Gama, Andreza Moreira, Oliveira, Pedro Lagerblad de, Paiva, Claudia Neto, Manoury, Benedicte, Bozza, Marcelo Torres
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Chloroquine
Cytokines
Heme
Inflammation
ROS
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Summary:Chloroquine has been used successfully to treat Malaria, including by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium sp., indicating that it has effects on disease itself. Since heme has inflammatory effects and contributes to the pathogenesis of hemolytic diseases, we hypothesize that the anti-inflammatory effect of chloroquine is partially due to its inhibitory effect on heme-induced macrophage activation and on inflammatory tissue damage. Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were incubated with chloroquine before stimulation with heme, in different conditions, to evaluate cytokines secretion, ROS production, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) or spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation, alone or combined with LPS. The effects of chloroquine upon heme inflammation were also evaluated in vivo, through simultaneous i.p. injection of LPS and heme, intratracheal instillation of Poly-IC followed by heme injection, and in a rhabdomyolysis model. Chloroquine inhibited TNF secretion, mitochondrial ROS production, MAPK, and Syk activation induced by heme. Inhibition of TNF production could be mimicked by zinc ionophore quercetin, but not by primaquine, a chloroquine analog with low affinity for heme. IL-6 and IL-1β secretions induced by heme in the presence of PRRs agonists were inhibited by chloroquine, but not by calcium chelator BAPTA or inhibitor of endosomal acidification concamycin B. Chloroquine also protected mice from heme inflammatory effects in vivo, inhibiting lethal synergism with PRR agonists, lung pathology caused by heme injection after intratracheal instillation of Poly-IC, and delaying death after rhabdomyolisis. Our data indicate that chloroquine might be used as a supportive therapy to control heme-induced deleterious inflammation in different hemolytic diseases. [Display omitted] -Chloroquine inhibits pro inflammatory cytokine secretion induced by heme on macrophages.-ROS generation and intracellular signaling (MAPKs and Syk) activation on macrophages stimulated with heme are inhibited by chloroquine.-The inhibitory effect of chloroquine on heme-induced macrophage activation is associated to its heme-binding property.-Chloroquine reduces inflammation and tissue damage in experimental models of hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis.
ISSN:0891-5849
1873-4596
DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.028