Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma (PPAR-ɣ): Molecular Effects and Its Importance as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Ischemic Injury

Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Neurochemical research 2021-11, Vol.46 (11), p.2800-2831
Main Authors: Mannan, Ashi, Garg, Nikhil, Singh, Thakur Gurjeet, Kang, Harmeet Kaur
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiogenesis
Animals
Antitumor activity
Apoptosis
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Brain - drug effects
Brain - metabolism
Brain injury
Brain Ischemia - drug therapy
Brain Ischemia - metabolism
Cell Biology
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Drug Delivery Systems - methods
Drug Delivery Systems - trends
Gene expression
Humans
Inflammation
Injuries
Insulin
Ischemia
Ligands
Lipid metabolism
Lipids
Literature reviews
Modulation
Molecular modelling
Neurochemistry
Neurogenesis
Neurology
Neurons - drug effects
Neurons - metabolism
Neuroprotection
Neuroprotective Agents - administration & dosage
Neurosciences
Oxidative stress
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PPAR gamma - agonists
PPAR gamma - metabolism
Receptors
Regulatory sequences
Review
Therapeutic targets
Transcription factors
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Summary:Cerebral ischemic injury is a leading cause of death and long-term disability throughout the world. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-ɣ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that is a member of the PPAR family. PPAR-ɣ has been shown in several in vitro and in vivo models to prevent post-ischemic inflammation and neuronal damage by negatively controlling the expression of genes modulated by cerebral ischemic injury, indicating a neuroprotective effect during cerebral ischemic injury. A extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the mechanistic role of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and its modulation in Cerebral ischemic injury. PPAR-ɣ can interact with specific DNA response elements to control gene transcription and expression when triggered by its ligand. It regulates lipid metabolism, improves insulin sensitivity, modulates antitumor mechanisms, reduces oxidative stress, and inhibits inflammation. This review article provides insights on the current state of research into the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-ɣ in cerebral ischemic injury, as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which these effects are modulated, such as inhibition of inflammation, reduction of oxidative stress, suppression of pro-apoptotic production, modulation of transcription factors, and restoration of injured tissue through neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
ISSN:0364-3190
1573-6903
DOI:10.1007/s11064-021-03402-1