Changing demographics and risk factors for cryptococcosis: A 12‐year review at a tertiary care centre

Background Cryptococcosis is classically associated with the immunocompromised patients but there is a rising appreciation for its impact on the immunocompetent hosts. We sought to analyse the trends, diagnosis, treatment of different hosts and the effect of immunodeficiency and chronic liver diseas...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Mycoses 2021-09, Vol.64 (9), p.1073-1082
Main Authors: Bhatt, Mahesh, Porterfield, J. Zachary, Ribes, Julie A., Arora, Vaneet, Myint, Thein
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
chronic liver disease
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis - epidemiology
Cryptococcosis - mortality
cryptococcus
Demography
End Stage Liver Disease - epidemiology
HIV
HIV Infections - epidemiology
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
immunocompromise
Immunocompromised hosts
Immunodeficiency
Liver diseases
Mortality
Multivariate analysis
Patients
Recurrence
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Statistical analysis
Tertiary Care Centers
transplant
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Summary:Background Cryptococcosis is classically associated with the immunocompromised patients but there is a rising appreciation for its impact on the immunocompetent hosts. We sought to analyse the trends, diagnosis, treatment of different hosts and the effect of immunodeficiency and chronic liver disease on relapse and in‐house mortality. Methods This is a retrospective study of 12 years of patients with cryptococcosis, divided into three different groups: HIV‐infected, transplant and non‐HIV non‐transplant (NHNT). Data were analysed with Chi‐square, unpaired parametric t test, simple and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Of 114 identified patients, 23 (20.2%) had HIV infection, 11 (9.6%) had transplant, 80 (70.2%) were NHNT patients. Overall, mortality was 28.1% (32/114) and relapse occurred in 10.5% (12/114) of patients. The mortality trend was higher (OR = 2.346, p = .287) in the transplant group (45.5%, 5/11) than in HIV (26.1%, 6/23) and NHNT groups (26.3%, 21/80). HIV was associated with relapse; 30.4% (7/23) for HIV‐positive patients and 5.5% (5/91) for HIV‐negative patients (OR = 7.525, p = .002). Chronic liver disease had a large and statistically significant association with mortality on multivariate analysis (OR = 3.583, p = .013) which was more pronounced than the HIV or transplant groups. It was independently associated with mortality by chi‐square analysis (OR 3.137, p = .012). Conclusion Chronic liver disease represented 30.7% (35/114) of all studied patients. It was a risk factor for in‐hospital mortality. HIV infection and transplant were not statistically significant for mortality. Relapse was highest in the HIV‐infected patients at 30.4% (7/23). These data highlight the effect of type and degree of immunocompromise on cryptococcosis.
ISSN:0933-7407
1439-0507
DOI:10.1111/myc.13323