Salt-washed graphene oxide and its cytotoxicity

[Display omitted] •A new technique for the purification of graphene oxide (GO), so-called salt-washing, was developed.•Purified and starting samples were tested toward human-derived fibroblastic cell culture.•Strong correlation between cytotoxicity and purity of GO samples were revealed.•Biocompatib...

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Published in:Journal of hazardous materials 2020-11, Vol.398, p.123114-123114, Article 123114
Main Authors: Mrózek, Ondřej, Melounková, Lucie, Smržová, Darina, Machálková, Aneta, Vinklárek, Jaromír, Němečková, Zuzana, Komárková, Bára, Ecorchard, Petra
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cytotoxicity
Graphene oxide
Graphite - toxicity
HDF
MRC-5 cell cultures
Nanostructures
Oxidation-Reduction
Purification
Salt-washing
Sodium Chloride - toxicity
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Summary:[Display omitted] •A new technique for the purification of graphene oxide (GO), so-called salt-washing, was developed.•Purified and starting samples were tested toward human-derived fibroblastic cell culture.•Strong correlation between cytotoxicity and purity of GO samples were revealed.•Biocompatibility of GO can be improved by throughout removing of impurities introduced in oxidation step within GO synthesis. The carbon nanomaterials and congeners, e.g., graphene or graphene oxide (GO), dispose of numerous unique properties, which are not necessarily intrinsic but might be related to a content of impurities. The oxidation step of GO synthesis introduces a considerable amount of metallic species. Therefore, large-scale purification is an actual scientific challenge. Here we describe new purification technique (salt‑washing), which is based on three consecutive steps: (a) aggregation of GO sheets with NaCl (b) washing of the aggregates and (c) removing of the salt to afford purified GO (swGO). The considerably improved purity of swGO was demonstrated by ICP and EPR spectroscopy. The microscopic methods (TEM with SEAD, AFM) proved that the salt-washing does not affect the morphology or concentration of defects, showing the aggregation of GO with NaCl is fully reversible. The eligibility of swGO for biomedical applications was tested using fibroblastic cell cultures. The determined IC50 values clearly show a strong correlation between the purity of samples and cytotoxicity. Although the purification decreases cytotoxicity of GO, the IC50 values are still low proving that cytotoxic effect is not only impurities-related but also an intrinsic property. These findings may represent a serious limitation for usage of GO in biomedical applications.
ISSN:0304-3894
1873-3336
DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123114