Mechanophysical and biological properties of a 3D-printed titanium alloy for dental applications

[Display omitted] •Direct laser metal sintering (DLMS) 3D printing conditions were optimized for medical-grade Ti-6Al-4V powders.•The inner defect amount and mechanical properties varied depending on the laser spacing (30–100μm).•An optimally fabricated 3D-printed titanium alloy had similar biologic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Dental materials 2020-07, Vol.36 (7), p.945-958
Main Authors: Kim, Jae-Heon, Kim, Moon-Young, Knowles, Jonathan C., Choi, Sunyoung, Kang, Hyejong, Park, Sang-hyun, Park, Sung-Min, Kim, Hae-Won, Park, Jong-Tae, Lee, Jung-Hwan, Lee, Hae-Hyoung
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3-D printers
3D printing
Adhesion
Biological properties
Biomaterials
Biomedical materials
Cell adhesion
Cell adhesion & migration
Dental alloys
Dental application
Dental materials
Dentistry
Differentiation
Fibroblasts
Flexural strength
Gene expression
Hydrophilicity
Laser sintering
Lasers
Mechanical properties
Mesenchyme
Mineralization
Modulus of elasticity
Mucosa
Optimization
Osteogenesis
Printing
Sand
Stem cells
Surface roughness
Surface treatment
Surgical implants
Technology
Three dimensional printing
Titanium
Titanium alloy
Titanium alloys
Titanium base alloys
Vinculin
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Summary:[Display omitted] •Direct laser metal sintering (DLMS) 3D printing conditions were optimized for medical-grade Ti-6Al-4V powders.•The inner defect amount and mechanical properties varied depending on the laser spacing (30–100μm).•An optimally fabricated 3D-printed titanium alloy had similar biological capacities to machine-cut counterparts for dental applications.•The potential usefulness of 3D printing technology was suggested for multiple dental devices. Titanium and its alloys are widely used for dental and medical biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical and biological advantages. After the introduction of direct laser metal sintering (DLMS) 3D printing technology and its use over conventional machine-cut processes, questions remain regarding whether 3D-printed titanium (alloy) devices have similar biological properties to machine-cut counterparts for dental applications. Thus, this work focuses on comparing the biological activities of machine-cut and 3D-printed specimens after optimizing the DLMS 3D-printing conditions in terms of the mechanophysical characteristics. The DLMS 3D-printing (as a function of the laser spacing from 30–100μm) and post-surface treatment (as-given or sand-blasted) conditions were optimized using medical-grade Ti-6Al-4V powders in terms of the inner pore amount, mechanical properties, roughness and hydrophilicity. Then, the initial cell adhesion of the optimized DLMS 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V specimen was compared with that of the machine-cut Ti-6Al-4V specimen against human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), which are representative of direct-contact cell types of orofacial mucosa and bone, respectively. hMSC differentiation on the specimens was conducted for up to 21 days to measure the osteogenic gene expression and biomineralization. Laser spacings of 30–40μm had fewer inner defects and consequently a higher three-point flexural strength and elastic modulus compared to other larger laser spacings. Depending on the span width (0.3–1mm) in the lattice architecture, the elastic modulus of the 3D-printed cuboid specimen can be further controlled (up to ∼30 times). The sand-blasted specimens after 3D printing revealed lower surface roughness and higher hydrophilicity compared to the as-3D printed specimen, which were considered optimal conditions for biological study. Initial hDF and hMSC adhesion for 12 hr and hMSC differentiation on the surface were comparable between the sand-blasted 3D-printed
ISSN:0109-5641
1879-0097
DOI:10.1016/j.dental.2020.04.027