Might smoking assuage the pro‐inflammatory effect of diabetes in periodontal sites?

Objectives This study evaluated the effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, and these two factors combined on gingival crevicular fluid levels and ratios of pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Associations between cytokines with each other and with key periodontal pathogens in periodontal s...

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Published in:Oral diseases 2020-01, Vol.26 (1), p.200-212
Main Authors: Miranda, Tamires Szeremeske, Almeida, Mariana Linhares, Marins, Letícia Macedo, da Silva, Hélio Doyle Pereira, Feres, Magda, Duarte, Poliana Mendes
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Aged
Chronic Periodontitis - pathology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Cytokines
Cytokines - analysis
Dentistry
Diabetes
diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications
Female
Gingival Crevicular Fluid - chemistry
Gum disease
Humans
Immunosuppression
Inflammation
Interferon
Male
Middle Aged
Pathogens
Periodontitis
Risk factors
Smoking
Tumor necrosis factor
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Summary:Objectives This study evaluated the effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, and these two factors combined on gingival crevicular fluid levels and ratios of pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Associations between cytokines with each other and with key periodontal pathogens in periodontal sites under the challenge of one or both of these risk factors were also assessed. Methods A total of 102 subjects with periodontitis were included in this cross‐sectional study and assigned to one of the following groups: non‐diabetic non‐smokers (control group, n = 25), non‐smokers with DM (DM group, n = 30), non‐diabetic smokers (S group, n = 26), and smokers with DM (S + DM group, n = 21). The levels of 13 pro‐inflammatory (IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, MIP‐1α, GM‐CSF, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐12, IL‐17, IL‐21, and IL‐23) and 5 anti‐inflammatory (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐13, and TGF‐β) cytokines were assessed in healthy and diseased sites, using multiplex immunoassay. Ratios of pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines were obtained in all possible permutations. The levels of 7 key periodontal pathogens were evaluated by qPCR. Results Overall, the ratios of pro‐/anti‐inflammatory cytokines were higher in healthy and diseased sites of the DM group and in healthy sites of the S + DM group, and lower in diseased sites of the S group, compared with the control (p 
ISSN:1354-523X
1601-0825
DOI:10.1111/odi.13206