Review of the molecular mechanisms of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids: Ganoderic acids A, C2, D, F, DM, X and Y

Ganoderma lucidum is a multi-purpose plant medicine that is homologous to functional food. The most attractive properties of G. lucidum are its immunomodulatory and antitumour activities, which are mainly attributed to the following two major active components: G. lucidum polysaccharides and G. luci...

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Published in:European journal of medicinal chemistry 2019-07, Vol.174, p.130-141
Main Authors: Liang, Chengyuan, Tian, Danni, Liu, Yuzhi, Li, Han, Zhu, Jialiang, Li, Min, Xin, Minhang, Xia, Juan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Antineoplastic Agents - chemistry
Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology
Apoptosis
Apoptosis - drug effects
Autophagy
Autophagy - drug effects
Cell Line, Tumor
Enzyme Inhibitors - chemistry
Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology
G. lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs)
Humans
Molecular mechanism
Molecular Structure
Pharmacological activity
Reishi - chemistry
Structure-Activity Relationship
Triterpenes - chemistry
Triterpenes - pharmacology
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Summary:Ganoderma lucidum is a multi-purpose plant medicine that is homologous to functional food. The most attractive properties of G. lucidum are its immunomodulatory and antitumour activities, which are mainly attributed to the following two major active components: G. lucidum polysaccharides and G. lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs). GLTs are effective as supplemental therapies and improve health when combined with other medications to treat hepatitis, fatigue syndrome, and prostate cancer. However, research investigating the mechanism and application of G. lucidum or GLTs in the treatment of diseases remains preliminary in terms of both the utilization efficacy and product type. This review offers comprehensive insight into the pharmacological activities of GLTs and their potential applications in the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals. Specifically, 83 GLTs were selected, and their molecular structures and chemical formulas were described. We also describe 7 ganoderic acids that are currently at different stages of clinical trials (ganoderic acids A, C2, D, F, DM, X and Y). The related pharmacodynamic mechanisms and targeted signalling proteins were further analysed. Notably, the specific relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by ganoderic acid DM is summarized here for the first time. [Display omitted] •The present review lists 83 species of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids (GLTs).•Seven GLTs and their SARs, pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action are described.•Specific relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by ganoderic acid DM is summarized for the first time.
ISSN:0223-5234
1768-3254
DOI:10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.039