Nutrients, immune system, and exercise: Where will it take us?

•The control of immune function is regulated by substrate disposal.•Exercise and nutrients directly affect the immunometabolism of immune cells.•Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin regulated the energy sensor and fate of immune cell. The immune system p...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2019-05, Vol.61, p.151-156
Main Authors: Batatinha, Helena A.P., Biondo, Luana A., Lira, Fabio S., Castell, Linda M., Rosa-Neto, José C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Activation
Adenosine kinase
Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Amino acids
AMP
Antigen presentation
Bioenergetics
Biological Availability
Carbohydrates
Cell differentiation
Cell Differentiation - immunology
Cell growth
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases - immunology
Cytokines
Differentiation (biology)
Enzymes
Exercise
Exercise - physiology
Fatty acids
Gene expression
Genotype & phenotype
Glucose
Glucose - pharmacokinetics
Glutamine
Glutamine - pharmacokinetics
Homeostasis
Humans
Immune system
Immune System - enzymology
Lymphocytes
Maintenance
Mammals
Metabolic pathways
Metabolism
Neutrophils
Nutrient availability
Nutrients
Nutrients - pharmacokinetics
Phosphorylation
Physical fitness
Protein kinase
Protein synthesis
Proteins
Rapamycin
Respiration
Signal Transduction - immunology
TOR protein
TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases - immunology
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Summary:•The control of immune function is regulated by substrate disposal.•Exercise and nutrients directly affect the immunometabolism of immune cells.•Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin regulated the energy sensor and fate of immune cell. The immune system plays a key role in controlling infections, repairing injuries, and restoring homeostasis. Immune cells are bioenergetically expensive during activation, which requires a tightly regulated control of the metabolic pathways, which is mostly regulated by two cellular energy sensors: Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. The activation and inhibition of this pathways can change cell subtype differentiation. Exercise intensity and duration and nutrient availability (especially glucose and glutamine) tightly regulate immune cell differentiation and function through Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. Herein, we discuss the innate and adaptive immune-cell metabolism and how they can be affected by exercise and nutrients.
ISSN:0899-9007
1873-1244
DOI:10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.019