2‐Alkyl‐3‐methoxypyrazines are potent attractants of florivorous scarabs (Melolonthidae, Cyclocephalini) associated with economically exploitable Neotropical palms (Arecaceae)

BACKGROUND 2‐Alkyl‐3‐methoxypyrazines (MPs) are naturally occurring aromatic compounds involved in insect chemical communication as both pheromones and allelochemicals. Although rarely characterized in floral scents, they have been identified as major constituents in headspace samples from palm infl...

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Published in:Pest management science 2018-09, Vol.74 (9), p.2053-2058
Main Authors: Maia, Artur Campos Dália, Santos, Geanne Karla Novais, Gonçalves, Eduardo Gomes, Navarro, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz, Nuñez‐Avellaneda, Luis Alberto
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acrocomia
Agricultural practices
Allelochemicals
Aromatic compounds
Attalea
Attractants
Bioassays
Chemical communication
Chemical compounds
Dynastinae
Headspace
Insects
Integrated pest management
Kairomones
olfactory‐mediated attraction
Organic chemistry
Pest control
Pheromones
Pollinators
Scents
semiochemical‐based pest control
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
Wine
Wines
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Summary:BACKGROUND 2‐Alkyl‐3‐methoxypyrazines (MPs) are naturally occurring aromatic compounds involved in insect chemical communication as both pheromones and allelochemicals. Although rarely characterized in floral scents, they have been identified as major constituents in headspace samples from palm inflorescences and evidence pointed towards their function as attractive cues for scent‐oriented pollinators, as well as florivores. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of MPs in economically exploitable palms belonging to Acrocomia and Attalea through headspace floral scent analysis and assessed their role in the selective attraction of flower‐feeding cyclocephaline scarabs (Melolonthidae, Cyclocephalini) in field bioassays conducted in Brazil and Colombia. RESULTS Three different MPs were identified among floral headspace samples of Acrocomia aculeata, Acr. intumescens, Attalea butyracea and Att. insignis: 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine (IPMP), 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine (IBMP) and 2‐(sec‐butyl)‐3‐methoxypyrazine (SBMP). Their combined estimated total scent emissions per inflorescence ranged from 246 μg h−1 to 6.2 mg h−1. Scented traps, individually baited with either IPMP or SBMP, resulted in species‐selective and high yield captures of Cyclocephala amazona and C. distincta, known florivores associated with over 20 different species of Neotropical palms. CONCLUSIONS The identification of MPs as potent kairomones could prove instrumental in integrated pest management plans for these insects in emerging oil‐yielding crops in South America, including those of the wine palm (Att. butyracea) and macaw palms (Acrocomia spp.). © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry 2‐Alkyl‐3‐methoxypyrazines were identified as selective kairomones that could prove instrumental to integrated pest management plans for cyclocephaline scarabs associated with emerging oil‐yielding crops in Tropical America.
ISSN:1526-498X
1526-4998
DOI:10.1002/ps.4895