Virological Quality of Irrigation Water Sources and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Index of Pathogenic Virus Contamination Level

Irrigation water is a doorway for the pathogen contamination of fresh produce. We quantified pathogenic viruses [human adenoviruses, noroviruses of genogroups I and II, group A rotaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses (EnVs), and salivirus (SaliV)] and examined potential index viruses [JC a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Food and environmental virology 2018-03, Vol.10 (1), p.107-120
Main Authors: Shrestha, Sadhana, Shrestha, Shankar, Shindo, Junko, Sherchand, Jeevan B., Haramoto, Eiji
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adenoviridae - genetics
Adenoviridae - growth & development
Adenoviruses
Agricultural Irrigation
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Borides
Canals
Chemistry/Food Science
Contamination
Crops, Agricultural - virology
DNA Viruses - genetics
DNA Viruses - growth & development
Dry season
Effluents
Electronegativity
Enterovirus - genetics
Enterovirus - growth & development
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Food Science
Groundwater
Groundwater treatment
Humans
Irrigation
Irrigation water
Kobuvirus - genetics
Kobuvirus - growth & development
Nepal
Norovirus - genetics
Norovirus - growth & development
Original Paper
Pathogens
Plant Viruses - genetics
Plant Viruses - growth & development
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Ponds
Process control
Process controls
Reverse transcription
Rivers
Rivers - virology
RNA Viruses - genetics
RNA Viruses - growth & development
Rotavirus
Sewage
Tobacco
Tobacco Mosaic Virus - genetics
Tobacco Mosaic Virus - growth & development
Tobamovirus - genetics
Tobamovirus - growth & development
Virology
Virus Diseases - virology
Viruses
Waste treatment
Waste Water - virology
Wastewater treatment
Wastewater treatment plants
Water - standards
Water pollution
Water Pollution - analysis
Water quality
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Summary:Irrigation water is a doorway for the pathogen contamination of fresh produce. We quantified pathogenic viruses [human adenoviruses, noroviruses of genogroups I and II, group A rotaviruses, Aichi virus 1 (AiV-1), enteroviruses (EnVs), and salivirus (SaliV)] and examined potential index viruses [JC and BK polyomaviruses (JCPyVs and BKPyVs), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)] in irrigation water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. River, sewage, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, pond, canal, and groundwater samples were collected in September 2014, and in April and August 2015. Viruses were concentrated using an electronegative membrane-vortex method and quantified using TaqMan (MGB)-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays with murine norovirus as a molecular process control to determine extraction-reverse transcription-qPCR efficiency. Tested pathogenic viruses were prevalent with maximum concentrations of 5.5–8.8 log 10 copies/L, and there was a greater abundance of EnVs, SaliV, and AiV-1. Virus concentrations in river water were equivalent to those in sewage. Canal, pond, and groundwater samples were found to be less contaminated than river, sewage, and WWTP effluent. Seasonal dependency was clearly evident for most of the viruses, with peak concentrations in the dry season. JCPyVs and BKPyVs had a poor detection ratio and correspondence with pathogenic viruses. Instead, the frequently proposed PMMoV and the newly proposed TMV were strongly predictive of the pathogen contamination level, particularly in the dry season. We recommend utilizing canal, pond, and groundwater for irrigation to minimize deleterious health effects and propose PMMoV and TMV as indexes to elucidate pathogenic virus levels in environmental samples.
ISSN:1867-0334
1867-0342
DOI:10.1007/s12560-017-9324-2