The Stone Age Plague and Its Persistence in Eurasia

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is a bacterium associated with wild rodents and their fleas. Historically it was responsible for three pandemics: the Plague of Justinian in the 6th century AD, which persisted until the 8th century [1]; the renowned Black Death of the 14th century [2,...

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Published in:	Current biology 2017-12, Vol.27 (23), p.3683-3691.e8
Main Authors:	Andrades Valtueña, Aida, Mittnik, Alissa, Key, Felix M., Haak, Wolfgang, Allmäe, Raili, Belinskij, Andrej, Daubaras, Mantas, Feldman, Michal, Jankauskas, Rimantas, Janković, Ivor, Massy, Ken, Novak, Mario, Pfrengle, Saskia, Reinhold, Sabine, Šlaus, Mario, Spyrou, Maria A., Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Tõrv, Mari, Hansen, Svend, Bos, Kirsten I., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Herbig, Alexander, Krause, Johannes
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	ancient DNA archaeogenetics Archaeology Bronze Age comparative genomics DNA, Ancient - analysis Europe Genome, Bacterial - genetics Humans Late Neolithic Phylogeny plague Plague - microbiology Yersinia pestis Yersinia pestis - classification Yersinia pestis - genetics
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Summary:	Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is a bacterium associated with wild rodents and their fleas. Historically it was responsible for three pandemics: the Plague of Justinian in the 6th century AD, which persisted until the 8th century [1]; the renowned Black Death of the 14th century [2, 3], with recurrent outbreaks until the 18th century [4]; and the most recent 19th century pandemic, in which Y. pestis spread worldwide [5] and became endemic in several regions [6]. The discovery of molecular signatures of Y. pestis in prehistoric Eurasian individuals and two genomes from Southern Siberia suggest that Y. pestis caused some form of disease in humans prior to the first historically documented pandemic [7]. Here, we present six new European Y. pestis genomes spanning the Late Neolithic to the Bronze Age (LNBA; 4,800 to 3,700 calibrated years before present). This time period is characterized by major transformative cultural and social changes that led to cross-European networks of contact and exchange [8, 9]. We show that all known LNBA strains form a single putatively extinct clade in the Y. pestis phylogeny. Interpreting our data within the context of recent ancient human genomic evidence that suggests an increase in human mobility during the LNBA, we propose a possible scenario for the early spread of Y. pestis: the pathogen may have entered Europe from Central Eurasia following an expansion of people from the steppe, persisted within Europe until the mid-Bronze Age, and moved back toward Central Eurasia in parallel with human populations. •Six Late Neolithic–Early Bronze Age European Y. pestis genomes were reconstructed•All Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Y. pestis form a single phylogenetic branch Andrades Valtueña et al. present the first six European Y. pestis genomes dating from the Late Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age. These data suggest that Y. pestis entered Europe during a human migration around 4800 BP, persisted in Europe, and traveled back to Central Eurasia.
ISSN:	0960-9822 1879-0445