Regulation of the turnover of ACC synthases by phytohormones and heterodimerization in Arabidopsis

Summary Ethylene influences many aspects of plant growth and development. The biosynthesis of ethylene is highly regulated by a variety of internal and external cues. A key target of this regulation is 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACS), generally the rate‐limiting step in e...

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Published in:	The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 2017-08, Vol.91 (3), p.491-504
Main Authors:	Lee, Han Yong, Chen, Yi‐Chun, Kieber, Joseph J., Yoon, Gyeong Mee
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase Abscisic acid ACC synthases Arabidopsis - enzymology Arabidopsis - genetics Arabidopsis - metabolism Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism Arabidopsis thaliana Biosynthesis Brassinosteroids Carboxylic acids Control Control stability Crosstalk Cues Ethylene ethylene biosynthesis Ethylenes - metabolism Gibberellic acid hormone Isoforms Jasmonic acid Lyases - genetics Lyases - metabolism Plant growth Plant Growth Regulators - metabolism Post-transcription Protein Stability Protein turnover Proteins Regulation Salicylic acid Transcription
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Summary:	Summary Ethylene influences many aspects of plant growth and development. The biosynthesis of ethylene is highly regulated by a variety of internal and external cues. A key target of this regulation is 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases (ACS), generally the rate‐limiting step in ethylene biosynthesis, which is regulated both transcriptionally and post‐transcriptionally. Prior studies have demonstrated that cytokinin and brassinosteroid (BR) act as regulatory inputs to elevate ethylene biosynthesis by increasing the stability of ACS proteins. Here, we demonstrate that several additional phytohormones also regulate ACS protein turnover. Abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid differentially regulate the stability of ACS proteins, with distinct effects on various isoforms. In addition, we demonstrate that heterodimerization influences the stability of ACS proteins. Heterodimerization between ACS isoforms from distinct subclades results in increased stability of the shorter‐lived partner. Together, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the roles of various phytohormones on ACS protein stability, which brings new insights into crosstalk between ethylene and other phytohormones, and a novel regulatory mechanism that controls ACS protein stability through a heterodimerization of ACS isoforms. Significance Statement The regulation of the protein stability of ACC synthase (ACS) is critical to control ethylene biosynthesis, and prior studies have demonstrated that cytokinin and brassinosteroids act as regulatory inputs to elevate ethylene biosynthesis by increasing the stability of a subset of ACS proteins. Here, we showed additional phytohormones also regulate ACS protein turnover. In addition, we revealed that homo‐ and heterodimerization of ACS isoform is a novel mechanism to control ACS protein stability.
ISSN:	0960-7412 1365-313X