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Defluoridation of drinking water using a new flow column-electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach
A new batch, flow column electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) that utilises a perforated plate flow column as a mixer has been used to remove fluoride from drinking water. A comprehensive study has been carried out to assess its performance. The efficiency of fluoride removal (R%) as a function of key...
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| Published in: | Journal of environmental management 2017-07, Vol.197, p.80-88 |
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| container_title | Journal of environmental management |
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| creator | Hashim, Khalid S. Shaw, Andy Al Khaddar, Rafid Ortoneda Pedrola, Montserrat Phipps, David |
| description | A new batch, flow column electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) that utilises a perforated plate flow column as a mixer has been used to remove fluoride from drinking water. A comprehensive study has been carried out to assess its performance. The efficiency of fluoride removal (R%) as a function of key operational parameters such as initial pH, detention time (t), current density (CD), inter-electrode distance (ID) and initial concentration (C0) has been examined and an empirical model has been developed. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the influence of the EC process on morphology of the surface of the aluminium electrodes, showed the erosion caused by aluminium loss. A preliminary estimation of the reactor's operating cost is suggested, allowing for the energy from recycling of hydrogen gas hydrogen gas produced amount.
The results obtained showed that 98% of fluoride was removed within 25 min of electrolysis at pH of 6, ID of 5 mm, and CD of 2 mA/cm2. The general relationship between fluoride removal and operating parameters could be described by a linear model with R2 of 0.823. The contribution of the operating parameters to the suggested model followed the order: t > CD > C0 > ID > pH. The SEM images obtained showed that, after the EC process, the surface of the anodes, became non-uniform with a large number of irregularities due to the generation of aluminium hydroxides. It is suggested that these do not materially affect the performance. A provisional estimate of the operating cost was 0.379 US $/m3. Additionally, it has been found that 0.6 kW/m3 is potentially recoverable from the H2 gas.
Fluoride removal at different initial concentrations. [Display omitted]
•The new reactor, FCER, removed 98% of fluoride.•Performance of FECR, in terms of fluoride removal, was modelled with R2 of 0.823.•FCER emits H2 gas enough to produce energy of 0.6 kW/m3.•SEM images showed many dents on the anode due to the production of Al hydroxides.•FCER required 0.379 US $/m3 to remove 20 mg/L of fluoride from drinking water. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.048 |
| format | article |
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The results obtained showed that 98% of fluoride was removed within 25 min of electrolysis at pH of 6, ID of 5 mm, and CD of 2 mA/cm2. The general relationship between fluoride removal and operating parameters could be described by a linear model with R2 of 0.823. The contribution of the operating parameters to the suggested model followed the order: t > CD > C0 > ID > pH. The SEM images obtained showed that, after the EC process, the surface of the anodes, became non-uniform with a large number of irregularities due to the generation of aluminium hydroxides. It is suggested that these do not materially affect the performance. A provisional estimate of the operating cost was 0.379 US $/m3. Additionally, it has been found that 0.6 kW/m3 is potentially recoverable from the H2 gas.
Fluoride removal at different initial concentrations. [Display omitted]
•The new reactor, FCER, removed 98% of fluoride.•Performance of FECR, in terms of fluoride removal, was modelled with R2 of 0.823.•FCER emits H2 gas enough to produce energy of 0.6 kW/m3.•SEM images showed many dents on the anode due to the production of Al hydroxides.•FCER required 0.379 US $/m3 to remove 20 mg/L of fluoride from drinking water.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0301-4797</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1095-8630</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.048</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28334646</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Drinking Water ; Electrochemistry ; Electrocoagulation ; Electrodes ; Electrolysis ; Fluoride ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Modelling ; Operating cost ; Perforated electrodes ; SEM ; Water Purification</subject><ispartof>Journal of environmental management, 2017-07, Vol.197, p.80-88</ispartof><rights>2017</rights><rights>Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-4ea88663e293ee5393c3ee305977e9dbfd6f23e96d2185cfe56de923bf858dab3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-4ea88663e293ee5393c3ee305977e9dbfd6f23e96d2185cfe56de923bf858dab3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9623-4060</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28334646$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hashim, Khalid S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaw, Andy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al Khaddar, Rafid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortoneda Pedrola, Montserrat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phipps, David</creatorcontrib><title>Defluoridation of drinking water using a new flow column-electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach</title><title>Journal of environmental management</title><addtitle>J Environ Manage</addtitle><description>A new batch, flow column electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) that utilises a perforated plate flow column as a mixer has been used to remove fluoride from drinking water. A comprehensive study has been carried out to assess its performance. The efficiency of fluoride removal (R%) as a function of key operational parameters such as initial pH, detention time (t), current density (CD), inter-electrode distance (ID) and initial concentration (C0) has been examined and an empirical model has been developed. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the influence of the EC process on morphology of the surface of the aluminium electrodes, showed the erosion caused by aluminium loss. A preliminary estimation of the reactor's operating cost is suggested, allowing for the energy from recycling of hydrogen gas hydrogen gas produced amount.
The results obtained showed that 98% of fluoride was removed within 25 min of electrolysis at pH of 6, ID of 5 mm, and CD of 2 mA/cm2. The general relationship between fluoride removal and operating parameters could be described by a linear model with R2 of 0.823. The contribution of the operating parameters to the suggested model followed the order: t > CD > C0 > ID > pH. The SEM images obtained showed that, after the EC process, the surface of the anodes, became non-uniform with a large number of irregularities due to the generation of aluminium hydroxides. It is suggested that these do not materially affect the performance. A provisional estimate of the operating cost was 0.379 US $/m3. Additionally, it has been found that 0.6 kW/m3 is potentially recoverable from the H2 gas.
Fluoride removal at different initial concentrations. [Display omitted]
•The new reactor, FCER, removed 98% of fluoride.•Performance of FECR, in terms of fluoride removal, was modelled with R2 of 0.823.•FCER emits H2 gas enough to produce energy of 0.6 kW/m3.•SEM images showed many dents on the anode due to the production of Al hydroxides.•FCER required 0.379 US $/m3 to remove 20 mg/L of fluoride from drinking water.</description><subject>Drinking Water</subject><subject>Electrochemistry</subject><subject>Electrocoagulation</subject><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Electrolysis</subject><subject>Fluoride</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>Modelling</subject><subject>Operating cost</subject><subject>Perforated electrodes</subject><subject>SEM</subject><subject>Water Purification</subject><issn>0301-4797</issn><issn>1095-8630</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkd2KFDEQhYMo7uzqIyi5XGG7zU93On0lMs6qsCCIXodMUlkzdidjkt7Rh_CdzTCjt15VFXynDlUHoReUtJRQ8XrX7iA8zDq0jNChJbwlnXyEVpSMfSMFJ4_RinBCm24Yhwt0mfOOEMIZHZ6iCyY570QnVuj3O3DTEpO3uvgYcHTYJh---3CPD7pAwks-9hoHOGA3xQM2cVrm0MAEpqRoor5fppM4gTYlJnx9u958foUbvPm5h-RnCEVPNziXiuXizXHQwWIwMcTZG6z3-xS1-fYMPXF6yvD8XK_Q19vNl_WH5u7T-4_rt3eN6SgrTQdaSiE4sJED9HzkplZO-nEYYLRbZ4VjHEZhGZW9cdALCyPjWyd7afWWX6Hr095q-2OBXNTss4Fp0gHikhWVkjLBBjJUtD-hJsWcEzi1rxfp9EtRoo5JqJ06J6GOSSjCVU2i6l6eLZbtDPaf6u_rK_DmBEA99MFDUtl4CAasT_Wzykb_H4s_u72fdw</recordid><startdate>20170715</startdate><enddate>20170715</enddate><creator>Hashim, Khalid S.</creator><creator>Shaw, Andy</creator><creator>Al Khaddar, Rafid</creator><creator>Ortoneda Pedrola, Montserrat</creator><creator>Phipps, David</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-4060</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170715</creationdate><title>Defluoridation of drinking water using a new flow column-electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach</title><author>Hashim, Khalid S. ; Shaw, Andy ; Al Khaddar, Rafid ; Ortoneda Pedrola, Montserrat ; Phipps, David</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-4ea88663e293ee5393c3ee305977e9dbfd6f23e96d2185cfe56de923bf858dab3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Drinking Water</topic><topic>Electrochemistry</topic><topic>Electrocoagulation</topic><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Electrolysis</topic><topic>Fluoride</topic><topic>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</topic><topic>Modelling</topic><topic>Operating cost</topic><topic>Perforated electrodes</topic><topic>SEM</topic><topic>Water Purification</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hashim, Khalid S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shaw, Andy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al Khaddar, Rafid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ortoneda Pedrola, Montserrat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phipps, David</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of environmental management</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hashim, Khalid S.</au><au>Shaw, Andy</au><au>Al Khaddar, Rafid</au><au>Ortoneda Pedrola, Montserrat</au><au>Phipps, David</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Defluoridation of drinking water using a new flow column-electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach</atitle><jtitle>Journal of environmental management</jtitle><addtitle>J Environ Manage</addtitle><date>2017-07-15</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>197</volume><spage>80</spage><epage>88</epage><pages>80-88</pages><issn>0301-4797</issn><eissn>1095-8630</eissn><notes>ObjectType-Article-1</notes><notes>SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1</notes><notes>ObjectType-Feature-2</notes><notes>content type line 23</notes><abstract>A new batch, flow column electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) that utilises a perforated plate flow column as a mixer has been used to remove fluoride from drinking water. A comprehensive study has been carried out to assess its performance. The efficiency of fluoride removal (R%) as a function of key operational parameters such as initial pH, detention time (t), current density (CD), inter-electrode distance (ID) and initial concentration (C0) has been examined and an empirical model has been developed. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the influence of the EC process on morphology of the surface of the aluminium electrodes, showed the erosion caused by aluminium loss. A preliminary estimation of the reactor's operating cost is suggested, allowing for the energy from recycling of hydrogen gas hydrogen gas produced amount.
The results obtained showed that 98% of fluoride was removed within 25 min of electrolysis at pH of 6, ID of 5 mm, and CD of 2 mA/cm2. The general relationship between fluoride removal and operating parameters could be described by a linear model with R2 of 0.823. The contribution of the operating parameters to the suggested model followed the order: t > CD > C0 > ID > pH. The SEM images obtained showed that, after the EC process, the surface of the anodes, became non-uniform with a large number of irregularities due to the generation of aluminium hydroxides. It is suggested that these do not materially affect the performance. A provisional estimate of the operating cost was 0.379 US $/m3. Additionally, it has been found that 0.6 kW/m3 is potentially recoverable from the H2 gas.
Fluoride removal at different initial concentrations. [Display omitted]
•The new reactor, FCER, removed 98% of fluoride.•Performance of FECR, in terms of fluoride removal, was modelled with R2 of 0.823.•FCER emits H2 gas enough to produce energy of 0.6 kW/m3.•SEM images showed many dents on the anode due to the production of Al hydroxides.•FCER required 0.379 US $/m3 to remove 20 mg/L of fluoride from drinking water.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>28334646</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.048</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9623-4060</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Drinking Water Electrochemistry Electrocoagulation Electrodes Electrolysis Fluoride Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Modelling Operating cost Perforated electrodes SEM Water Purification |
| title | Defluoridation of drinking water using a new flow column-electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach |
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