Occurrence of artificial sweeteners in human liver and paired blood and urine samples from adults in Tianjin, China and their implications for human exposure

In this study, acesulfame (ACE), saccharin (SAC) and cyclamate (CYC) were found in all paired urine and blood samples collected from healthy adults, with mean values of 4070, 918 and 628 ng mL(-1), respectively, in urine and 9.03, 20.4 and 0.72 ng mL(-1), respectively, in blood. SAC (mean: 84.4 ng g...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science--processes & impacts 2016-01, Vol.18 (9), p.1169-1176
Main Authors: Zhang, Tao, Gan, Zhiwei, Gao, Chuanzi, Ma, Ling, Li, Yanxi, Li, Xiao, Sun, Hongwen
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Aspartame - analysis
Aspartame - metabolism
Aspartame - pharmacokinetics
China
Cyclamates - analysis
Cyclamates - metabolism
Cyclamates - pharmacokinetics
Environmental Exposure - analysis
Female
Humans
Liver - metabolism
Male
Metabolic Clearance Rate
Middle Aged
Saccharin - analysis
Saccharin - metabolism
Saccharin - pharmacokinetics
Sweetening Agents - analysis
Sweetening Agents - metabolism
Sweetening Agents - pharmacokinetics
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Summary:In this study, acesulfame (ACE), saccharin (SAC) and cyclamate (CYC) were found in all paired urine and blood samples collected from healthy adults, with mean values of 4070, 918 and 628 ng mL(-1), respectively, in urine and 9.03, 20.4 and 0.72 ng mL(-1), respectively, in blood. SAC (mean: 84.4 ng g(-1)) and CYC (4.29 ng g(-1)) were detectable in all liver samples collected from liver cancer patients, while ACE was less frequently detected. Aspartame (ASP) was not found in any analyzed human sample, which can be explained by the fact that this chemical metabolized rapidly in the human body. Among all adults, significantly positive correlations between SAC and CYC levels were observed (p < 0.001), regardless of human matrices. Nevertheless, no significant correlations between concentrations of SAC (or CYC) and ACE were found in any of the human matrices. Our results suggest that human exposure to SAC and CYC is related, whereas ACE originates from a discrete source. Females (or young adults) were exposed to higher levels of SAC and CYC than males (or elderly). The mean renal clearance of SAC was 730 mL per day per kg in adults, which was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than those for CYC (10 800 mL per day per kg) and ACE (10 300 mL per day per kg). The average total daily intake of SAC and ACE was 9.27 and 33.8 μg per kg bw per day, respectively.
ISSN:2050-7887
2050-7895
DOI:10.1039/c6em00130k