Investigation of enteric adenovirus and poliovirus removal by coagulation processes and suitability of bacteriophages MS2 and φX174 as surrogates for those viruses

We evaluated the removal of enteric adenovirus (AdV) type 40 and poliovirus (PV) type 1 by coagulation, using water samples from 13 water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The behaviors of two widely accepted enteric virus surrogates, bacteriophages MS2 and φX174, were compared w...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Science of the total environment 2016-09, Vol.563-564, p.29-39
Main Authors: Shirasaki, N., Matsushita, T., Matsui, Y., Marubayashi, T., Murai, K.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adenoviridae - isolation & purification
Adenovirus
Aluminum Hydroxide - chemistry
Bacteria
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage phi X 174 - isolation & purification
Coagulation
Drinking Water - virology
Electrophoretic mobility
Enteric virus
Hydrophobicity
Japan
Levivirus - isolation & purification
Poliovirus
Poliovirus - isolation & purification
Virus inactivation
Water Purification - methods
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Summary:We evaluated the removal of enteric adenovirus (AdV) type 40 and poliovirus (PV) type 1 by coagulation, using water samples from 13 water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The behaviors of two widely accepted enteric virus surrogates, bacteriophages MS2 and φX174, were compared with the behaviors of AdV and PV. Coagulation with polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) removed AdV and PV from virus-spiked source waters: the infectious AdV and PV removal ratios evaluated by means of a plaque-forming-unit method were 0.1–1.4-log10 and 0.5–2.4-log10, respectively. A nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1) removed infectious AdV and PV more efficiently than did other commercially available PACls (basicity 1.5–2.1), alum, and ferric chloride. The MS2 removal ratios tended to be larger than those of AdV and PV, partly because of differences in the hydrophobicities of the virus particles and the sensitivity of the virus to the virucidal activity of PACl; the differences in removal ratios were not due to differences in the surface charges of the virus particles. MS2, which was more hydrophobic than the other viruses, was inactivated during coagulation with PACl. Therefore, MS2 does not appear to be an appropriate surrogate for AdV and PV during coagulation. In contrast, because φX174, like AdV and PV, was not inactivated during coagulation, and because the hydrophobicity of φX174 was similar to or somewhat lower than the hydrophobicities of AdV and PV, the φX174 removal ratios tended to be similar to or somewhat smaller than those of the enteric viruses. Therefore, φX174 is a potential conservative surrogate for AdV and PV during coagulation. In summary, the surface hydrophobicity of virus particles and the sensitivity of the virus to the virucidal activity of the coagulant are probably important determinants of the efficiency of virus removal during coagulation. [Display omitted] •Removal of enteric AdV and PV during coagulation was evaluated.•A nonsulfated high-basicity PACl effectively removed AdV and PV.•Bacteriophage MS2 does not appear to be an appropriate surrogate for AdV and PV.•Bacteriophage φX174 is a potential conservative AdV and PV surrogate.•Virus hydrophobicity and sensitivity to virucidal activity affected virus removal.
ISSN:0048-9697
1879-1026
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.090