Toxicity and mutagenicity of low-metallic automotive brake pad materials

Organic friction materials are standardly used in brakes of small planes, railroad vehicles, trucks and passenger cars. The growing transportation sector requires a better understanding of the negative impact related to the release of potentially hazardous materials into the environment. This includ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2016-09, Vol.131, p.37-44
Main Authors: Malachova, Katerina, Kukutschova, Jana, Rybkova, Zuzana, Sezimova, Hana, Placha, Daniela, Cabanova, Kristina, Filip, Peter
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Ames test
Automobiles
Bioluminescence assay
Brake pads
Carcinogens
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli - drug effects
Escherichia coli - genetics
Formaldehyde - toxicity
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Metals - chemistry
Metals - toxicity
Mutagenicity Tests
Mutagens
Organic Chemicals - chemistry
Organic Chemicals - toxicity
Particulate Matter - toxicity
Phenols - toxicity
Polymers - toxicity
Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella typhimurium - drug effects
Salmonella typhimurium - genetics
SOS Chromotest
Vibrio fischeri
Wear debris
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Summary:Organic friction materials are standardly used in brakes of small planes, railroad vehicles, trucks and passenger cars. The growing transportation sector requires a better understanding of the negative impact related to the release of potentially hazardous materials into the environment. This includes brakes which can release enormous quantities of wear particulates. This paper addresses in vitro detection of toxic and mutagenic potency of one model and two commercially available low-metallic automotive brake pads used in passenger cars sold in the EU market. The model pad made in the laboratory was also subjected to a standardized brake dynamometer test and the generated non-airborne wear particles were also investigated. Qualitative “organic composition” was determined by GC/MS screening of dichloromethane extracts. Acute toxicity and mutagenicity of four investigated sample types were assessed in vitro by bioluminescence assay using marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and by two bacterial bioassays i) Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium His− and ii) SOS Chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 strain. Screening of organic composition revealed a high variety of organic compounds present in the initial brake pads and also in the generated non-airborne wear debris. Several detected compounds are classified by IARC as possibly carcinogenic to humans, e. g. benzene derivatives. Acute toxicity bioassay revealed a response of bacterial cells after exposure to all samples used. Phenolic resin and wear debris were found to be acutely toxic; however in term of mutagenicity the response was negative. All non-friction exposed brake pad samples (a model pad and two commercial pad samples) were mutagenic with metabolic activation in vitro. [Display omitted] •Environmental impacts of debris particles of automative brake pads are showed.•Genotoxicity and toxicity of brake pads and brake wear particles were established.•Were demonstrated differences of organic substrates, heavy metals and toxicity.
ISSN:0147-6513
1090-2414
DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.003