In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Whitlockite Biocompatibility: Comparative Study with Hydroxyapatite and β-Tricalcium Phosphate

Biomimicking ceramics have been developed to induce efficient recovery of damaged hard tissues. Among them, calcium phosphate‐based bioceramics have been the most widely used because of their similar composition with human hard tissue and excellent biocompatibilities. However, the incomplete underst...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Advanced healthcare materials 2016-01, Vol.5 (1), p.128-136
Main Authors: Jang, Hae Lin, Zheng, Guang Bin, Park, Jungha, Kim, Hwan D., Baek, Hae-Ri, Lee, Hye Kyoung, Lee, Keunho, Han, Heung Nam, Lee, Choon-Ki, Hwang, Nathaniel S., Lee, Jae Hyup, Nam, Ki Tae
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
bioceramics
Biocompatibility
Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology
Biomedical materials
bone implants
Bone Regeneration - drug effects
Bones
Calcification, Physiologic - drug effects
Calcium Phosphates - pharmacology
Durapatite - pharmacology
Gene Expression Regulation - drug effects
Hardness
Human
Humans
Hydroxyapatite
Implants, Experimental
Male
Materials Testing - methods
Mice
Nanoparticles - chemistry
Osteogenesis - drug effects
Osteogenesis - genetics
Phosphates
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Scaffolds
Skull - diagnostic imaging
Skull - drug effects
Skull - pathology
Surgical implants
Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry
Tooth - chemistry
Water
whitlockite
Wound Healing - drug effects
X-Ray Microtomography
β-tricalcium phosphate
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Summary:Biomimicking ceramics have been developed to induce efficient recovery of damaged hard tissues. Among them, calcium phosphate‐based bioceramics have been the most widely used because of their similar composition with human hard tissue and excellent biocompatibilities. However, the incomplete understanding of entire inorganic phases in natural bone has limited the recreation of complete bone compositions. In this work, broad biomedical evaluation of whitlockite (WH: Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12), which is the secondary inorganic phase in bone, is conducted to better understand human hard tissue and to seek potential application as a biomaterial. Based on the recently developed gram‐scale method for synthesizing WH nanoparticles, the properties of WH as a material for cellular scaffolding and bone implants are assessed and compared to those of hydroxyapatite (HAP: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP: β‐Ca3(PO4)2). WH‐reinforced composite scaffolds facilitate bone‐specific differentiation compared to HAP‐reinforced composite scaffolds. Additionally, WH implants induce similar or better bone regeneration in calvarial defects in a rat model compared to HAP and β‐TCP implants, with intermediate resorbability. New findings of the properties of WH that distinguish it from HAP and β‐TCP are significant in understanding human hard tissue, mimicking bone tissue at the nanoscale and designing functional bioceramics. Inspired by human hard tissue, whitlockite (Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12) nanoparticles are synthesized and evaluated through in vitro and in vivo studies. As a cellular scaffold, whitlockite enhances the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells better than hydroxyapatite. In addition, whitlockite implants successfully induce bone regeneration in a calvarial defect of rat model, similar to hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate.
ISSN:2192-2640
2192-2659
DOI:10.1002/adhm.201400824