Inflammatory mediators in osteoarthritis: A critical review of the state-of-the-art, current prospects, and future challenges

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been defined as a prototypical non-inflammatory arthropathy, but today there is compelling evidence to suggest that it has an inflammatory component. Many recent studies have shown the presence of synovitis in a large number of patients with OA and demo...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Bone (New York, N.Y.) N.Y.), 2016-04, Vol.85, p.81-90
Main Authors:	Rahmati, Maryam, Mobasheri, Ali, Mozafari, Masoud
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Animals Biomechanical Phenomena Cartilage Humans Immunity, Innate Inflammation - complications Inflammation - therapy Inflammation Mediators - metabolism Inflammatory mediators Orthopedics Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis - immunology Osteoarthritis - metabolism Osteoarthritis - pathology Osteoarthritis - physiopathology Synovitis Synovitis - metabolism Synovitis - pathology Synovitis - physiopathology Synovium
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Summary:	Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been defined as a prototypical non-inflammatory arthropathy, but today there is compelling evidence to suggest that it has an inflammatory component. Many recent studies have shown the presence of synovitis in a large number of patients with OA and demonstrated a direct association between joint inflammation and the progression of OA. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide, matrix degrading enzymes and biomechanical stress are major factors responsible for the progression of OA in synovial joints. The aim of this review is to discuss the significance of a wide range of implicated inflammatory mediators and their contribution to the progression of OA. We also discuss some of the currently available guidelines, practices, and prospects. In addition, this review argues for new innovation in methodologies and instrumentation for the non-invasive detection of inflammation in OA by modern imaging techniques. We propose that identifying early inflammatory events and targeting these alterations will help to ameliorate the major symptoms such as inflammation and pain in OA patients.
ISSN:	8756-3282 1873-2763