A novel approach to estimating potential maximum heavy metal exposure to ship recycling yard workers in Alang, India

The 180 ship recycling yards located on Alang–Sosiya beach in the State of Gujarat on the west coast of India is the world's largest cluster engaged in dismantling. Yearly 350 ships have been dismantled (avg. 10,000 ton steel/ship) with the involvement of about 60,000 workers. Cutting and scrap...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Science of the total environment 2012-11, Vol.438, p.304-311
Main Authors: Deshpande, Paritosh C., Tilwankar, Atit K., Asolekar, Shyam R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Air
Air pollution
Air. Soil. Water. Waste. Feeding
Biological and medical sciences
Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases
Dismantling
Environment. Living conditions
Environmental pollutants toxicology
Environmental Pollution - analysis
Environmental Pollution - prevention & control
Estimates
Heavy metals
Humans
India
Marine pollution
Mathematical models
Medical sciences
Metals and various inorganic compounds
Metals, Heavy - analysis
Models, Theoretical
Occupational Exposure - analysis
Occupational Exposure - prevention & control
Paint - analysis
Public health. Hygiene
Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine
Recycling
Recycling - methods
Recycling - statistics & numerical data
Ship breaking
Ship dismantling
Ships
Toxicology
Water
Worker exposure
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Summary:The 180 ship recycling yards located on Alang–Sosiya beach in the State of Gujarat on the west coast of India is the world's largest cluster engaged in dismantling. Yearly 350 ships have been dismantled (avg. 10,000 ton steel/ship) with the involvement of about 60,000 workers. Cutting and scrapping of plates or scraping of painted metal surfaces happens to be the commonly performed operation during ship breaking. The pollutants released from a typical plate-cutting operation can potentially either affect workers directly by contaminating the breathing zone (air pollution) or can potentially add pollution load into the intertidal zone and contaminate sediments when pollutants get emitted in the secondary working zone and gets subjected to tidal forces. There was a two-pronged purpose behind the mathematical modeling exercise performed in this study. First, to estimate the zone of influence up to which the effect of plume would extend. Second, to estimate the cumulative maximum concentration of heavy metals that can potentially occur in ambient atmosphere of a given yard. The cumulative maximum heavy metal concentration was predicted by the model to be between 113μg/Nm3 and 428μg/Nm3 (at 4m/s and 1m/s near-ground wind speeds, respectively). For example, centerline concentrations of lead (Pb) in the yard could be placed between 8 and 30μg/Nm3. These estimates are much higher than the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Pb (0.5μg/Nm3). This research has already become the critical science and technology inputs for formulation of policies for eco-friendly dismantling of ships, formulation of ideal procedure and corresponding health, safety, and environment provisions. The insights obtained from this research are also being used in developing appropriate technologies for minimizing exposure to workers and minimizing possibilities of causing heavy metal pollution in the intertidal zone of ship recycling yards in India. ► Conceptual framework to apportion pollution loads from plate-cutting in ship recycling. ► Estimates upper bound (pollutants in air) and lower bound (intertidal sediments). ► Mathematical model using vector addition approach and based on Gaussian dispersion. ► Model predicted maximum emissions of heavy metals at different wind speeds. ► Exposure impacts on a worker's health and the intertidal sediments can be assessed.
ISSN:0048-9697
1879-1026
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.048