Occurrence and spatial distribution of pesticide residues in butter and ghee (clarified butter fat) in Punjab (India)

The present study was undertaken to monitor organochlorine, organophosphate, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in butter (n = 55) and ghee (n = 56) samples collected from three different regions of Punjab. The estimation of pesticide residues was done by multiple residue analytical techniq...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental monitoring and assessment 2016-02, Vol.188 (2), p.100-100, Article 100
Main Authors: Bedi, J. S, Gill, J. P S, Aulakh, R. S, Kaur, Prabhjit
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agriculture
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Bans
Butter
Butter - analysis
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos - analysis
Chromatography
Chromatography, Gas
Contaminants
Cypermethrin
DDE
DDE (pesticide)
DDT (pesticide)
Deltamethrin
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecology
Ecotoxicology
Endosulfan
Endosulfan - analysis
Environment
Environmental Management
Environmental Monitoring
Fenvalerate
Food contamination & poisoning
Food Contamination - analysis
Gas chromatography
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
ghee
Ghee - analysis
HCH (pesticide)
Hexachlorocyclohexane
India
Malaria
Mass spectrometry
maximum residue limits
Milk
milk fat
monitoring
Monitoring/Environmental Analysis
Nitriles
Nitrous oxide
Organic compounds
Organophosphates
Pesticide residues
Pesticide Residues - analysis
Pesticides
Public health
Pyrethrins
Pyrethroids
Sensors
Spatial distribution
temporal variation
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Summary:The present study was undertaken to monitor organochlorine, organophosphate, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in butter (n = 55) and ghee (n = 56) samples collected from three different regions of Punjab. The estimation of pesticide residues was done by multiple residue analytical technique using gas chromatography equipped with GC-ECD and GC-FTD. The confirmation of residues was done on gas chromatography mass spectrometry in both selective ion monitoring (SIM) and scan mode. Results indicated the presence of hexacholorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p’ DDE as predominant contaminant in both butter and ghee. Residues of HCH were detected in 25 and 23 % samples of butter and ghee, respectively, while residues of p,p’ DDE were recorded in 29 and 25 % of butter and ghee samples, respectively. None of the butter and ghee sample violated the MRL values of 200 ng g⁻¹ for HCH and 1250 ng g⁻¹ for dichorodiphenyl tricholorethane (DDT). The presence of endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos were observed in a few butter and ghee samples at traces. The spatial variation for comparative occurrence of pesticide residues indicated higher levels in the south-western region of Punjab. Additionally, the temporal variation indicated the significant reduction of HCH and DDT levels in butter and ghee in Punjab.
ISSN:0167-6369
1573-2959
DOI:10.1007/s10661-016-5115-8