Advances in the treatment of ocular dryness associated with Sjögren׳s syndrome

Abstract Background Sjögren´s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease that is characterised by decreased exocrine gland function and frequent ocular symptoms associated with eye dryness. Significantly, dry eyes can lead to corneal abrasions, infection, ulceration, chronic scarring and, in s...

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Published in:	Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2015-12, Vol.45 (3), p.321-327
Main Authors:	Ciurtin, Coziana, MSc, PhD, Ostas, Anca, Cojocaru, Viorica M., PhD, Walsh, Stephen B., PhD, Isenberg, David A., MD, FRCP
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Anti-Inflammatory Agents - therapeutic use Cyclosporine - therapeutic use Dry Eye Syndromes - drug therapy Dry Eye Syndromes - etiology Humans Lubricant Eye Drops - therapeutic use Ocular dryness pathogenesis in SS Ocular dryness treatment Rheumatology Sjogren's Syndrome - complications Sjogren׳s syndrome (SS) Treatment Outcome
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Summary:	Abstract Background Sjögren´s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune rheumatic disease that is characterised by decreased exocrine gland function and frequent ocular symptoms associated with eye dryness. Significantly, dry eyes can lead to corneal abrasions, infection, ulceration, chronic scarring and, in severe cases, perforation. The available conventional therapies have limited efficacy and there are no biologic therapies licensed for use in SS patients. Materials and methods A literature search of PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE electronic data bases was performed covering the period from January 1994 to September 2014. Evidence was graded in categories I–IV and a treatment algorithm, comprising first line, second line and rescue therapies for ocular dryness associated with SS was proposed. It is based on the current evidence of efficacy of different therapies and explores their link with the pathogenesis of ocular dryness associated with SS. Results Recent developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SS provided evidence that the ocular dryness is associated with pathologic infiltration and dysfunction of the lacrimal glands and changes in the tear composition, together with abnormalities involving the neurosecreting circuits. There is good evidence for the efficacy of topical artificial tears, antiinflammatories and Cyclosporine, and oral Pilocarpine and Cevimeline in controlling the symptoms of ocular dryness associated with SS. Conclusions Conventional DMARDs are not particularly effective in addressing the symptoms of ocular dryness associated with SS, despite being commonly prescribed for other SS manifestations. Emerging evidence suggests that B cell and co-stimulatory targeted therapy may play a role in the future.
ISSN:	0049-0172 1532-866X