Pesticide pollution of multiple drinking water sources in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: evidence from two provinces

Pollution of drinking water sources with agrochemicals is often a major threat to human and ecosystem health in some river deltas, where agricultural production must meet the requirements of national food security or export aspirations. This study was performed to survey the use of different drinkin...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Environmental science and pollution research international 2015-06, Vol.22 (12), p.9042-9058
Main Authors:	Chau, N. D. G., Sebesvari, Z., Amelung, W., Renaud, F. G.
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Agricultural production Agriculture Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Canals Chemical contaminants Contamination Deltas Drinking water Drinking Water - analysis Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Food security Groundwater Groundwater - analysis Health Households Humans Irrigation Pesticides Pesticides - analysis Pollution Pollution abatement Pollution sources Population Research Article Rice Rivers Rivers - chemistry Rural areas Seasons Soil sciences Surface water Vietnam Waste Water Technology Water Management Water markets Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water pollution Water Pollution Control Water quality Water shortages
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Summary:	Pollution of drinking water sources with agrochemicals is often a major threat to human and ecosystem health in some river deltas, where agricultural production must meet the requirements of national food security or export aspirations. This study was performed to survey the use of different drinking water sources and their pollution with pesticides in order to inform on potential exposure sources to pesticides in rural areas of the Mekong River delta, Vietnam. The field work comprised both household surveys and monitoring of 15 frequently used pesticide active ingredients in different water sources used for drinking (surface water, groundwater, water at public pumping stations, surface water chemically treated at household level, harvested rainwater, and bottled water). Our research also considered the surrounding land use systems as well as the cropping seasons. Improper pesticide storage and waste disposal as well as inadequate personal protection during pesticide handling and application were widespread amongst the interviewed households, with little overall risk awareness for human and environmental health. The results show that despite the local differences in the amount and frequency of pesticides applied, pesticide pollution was ubiquitous. Isoprothiolane (max. concentration 8.49 μg L −1 ), fenobucarb (max. 2.32 μg L −1 ), and fipronil (max. 0.41 μg L −1 ) were detected in almost all analyzed water samples (98 % of all surface samples contained isoprothiolane, for instance). Other pesticides quantified comprised butachlor, pretilachlor, propiconazole, hexaconazole, difenoconazole, cypermethrin, fenoxapro-p-ethyl, tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, azoxystrobin, quinalphos, and thiamethoxam. Among the studied water sources, concentrations were highest in canal waters. Pesticide concentrations varied with cropping season but did not diminish through the year. Even in harvested rainwater or purchased bottled water, up to 12 different pesticides were detected at concentrations exceeding the European Commission’s parametric guideline values for individual or total pesticides in drinking water (0.1 and 0.5 μg L −1 ; respectively). The highest total pesticide concentration quantified in bottled water samples was 1.38 μg L −1 . Overall, we failed to identify a clean water source in the Mekong Delta with respect to pesticide pollution. It is therefore urgent to understand further and address drinking water-related health risk issues in the region.
ISSN:	0944-1344 1614-7499