Pesticide Residues in Bovine Milk in Punjab, India: Spatial Variation and Risk Assessment to Human Health

In the present study, gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in bovine milk ( n  = 312) from Punjab, India, showed chlorpyrifos, DDT, and γ-HCH as the predominant contaminants. In addition, the presence of β-endosulfan, endosulfan suphate, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, deltamet...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 2015-08, Vol.69 (2), p.230-240
Main Authors: Bedi, J. S., Gill, J. P. S., Aulakh, R. S., Kaur, Prabhjit
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Cancer
Children
Chlorpyrifos
DDT
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental Monitoring
Environmental Pollutants - analysis
Female
Food Contamination - statistics & numerical data
India
Malaria
Milk
Milk - chemistry
Monitoring/Environmental Analysis
Pesticide Residues - analysis
Pesticides
Pollution
Residues
Risk
Risk Assessment
Soil Science & Conservation
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Summary:In the present study, gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in bovine milk ( n  = 312) from Punjab, India, showed chlorpyrifos, DDT, and γ-HCH as the predominant contaminants. In addition, the presence of β-endosulfan, endosulfan suphate, cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, malathion, profenofos, and ethion was reported in milk samples. In this study, it was observed that 12 milk samples exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for γ-HCH (lindane), 18 for DDT and chlorpyrifos, and 1 sample each for endosulfan, cypermethrin, and profenophos. In India, DDT is still permitted for a malaria control program, which may be the plausible reason for its occurrence in milk samples. The spatial variation for presence of pesticide residues in milk indicated greater levels in cotton-growing areas of Punjab. At current levels of pesticide residues in bovine milk, the human health risk assessment in terms of noncancer and cancer hazard was calculated based on both lower-bound [LB (mean residue levels)] and upper-bound [UP (95th percentile level)] limits. It was noticed that cancer and noncancer risk were within United States Environmental Protection Agency prescribed limits for both adults and children at the LB, but children were being exposed to greater risk for DDT and HCH at the 95th-percentile UB level.
ISSN:0090-4341
1432-0703
DOI:10.1007/s00244-015-0163-6