Investigation of Historical Hard Rubber Ornaments of Charles Goodyear

Charles Goodyear discovered the vulcanization process of natural rubber in the middle of the 19th century. In this paper, original ornaments produced by Charles Goodyear are investigated. Additionally, for comparison, a sample is produced according to Goodyear's patent (US 3633) as reference. C...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Macromolecular chemistry and physics 2014-02, Vol.215 (3), p.245-254
Main Authors: Raue, M., Wambach, M., Glöggler, S., Grefen, D., Kaufmann, R., Abetz, C., Georgopanos, P., Handge, U. A., Mang, T., Blümich, B., Abetz, V.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
aging
Applied sciences
Attenuation
Charles Goodyear
Exact sciences and technology
Formulations
Inventors
Natural rubber
NMR-MOUSE
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Organic polymers
Physicochemistry of polymers
Properties and characterization
Rubber
Structure, morphology and analysis
Vulcanizing
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-rays
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:Charles Goodyear discovered the vulcanization process of natural rubber in the middle of the 19th century. In this paper, original ornaments produced by Charles Goodyear are investigated. Additionally, for comparison, a sample is produced according to Goodyear's patent (US 3633) as reference. Contrary to expectation, it is found that Charles Goodyear did not prepare the ornaments using the formulation of his patent, thus he excluded the white lead. Due to this, another reference sample is produced like the other but without white lead. It is proven that by artificial aging, natural rubber samples can get properties similar to the 150 years old rubber sample. Original vulcanized pieces of rubber by Charles Goodyear are investigated non‐destructively via attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and compared with artificially aged reference samples. The elemental composition is analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). It is found that the original samples were not prepared following the formulation of the original patent.
ISSN:1022-1352
1521-3935
DOI:10.1002/macp.201300629