Nondestructive detection, characterization, and quantification of lithium plating in commercial lithium-ion batteries

Lithium plating is a typical aging mechanism of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries at low temperatures and high charge rates. Therefore an instant detection method is needed for safe battery operation and to increase the life time. Detection of lithium plating during operation is only possible by nondes...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of power sources 2014-05, Vol.254, p.80-87
Main Authors: Petzl, Mathias, Danzer, Michael A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aging
Applied sciences
Charge
Differential voltage analysis
Direct energy conversion and energy accumulation
Electric batteries
Electrical engineering. Electrical power engineering
Electrical power engineering
Electrochemical conversion: primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells
Exact sciences and technology
Graphite
Lithium plating
Lithium stripping
Lithium-ion batteries
Plating
Reversibility
Stripping
Voltage
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Summary:Lithium plating is a typical aging mechanism of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries at low temperatures and high charge rates. Therefore an instant detection method is needed for safe battery operation and to increase the life time. Detection of lithium plating during operation is only possible by nondestructive analysis of short-term plating effects. In this study, we present a new approach to detect, characterize, and quantify lithium plating in a commercial graphite/LiFePO4 battery. This is crucial for battery management systems (BMS) in real-world applications. The method is based on a high voltage plateau in the discharge profile after charging at plating conditions. This voltage plateau corresponds to the stripping of plated lithium from the graphite surface. It is shown that differential analysis of such voltage profiles provides a quantitative estimation of lithium plating. The correlation between lithium plating and stripping necessitates a distinction of reversible and irreversible plating. Effects of various operating conditions, i.e. charge temperature, state-of-charge (SOC), and charge current, on the plating behavior are investigated in order to elucidate this degradation mode. Furthermore, the presented approach allows for determination of the reversibility of lithium plating. •Nondestructive method to detect lithium plating in commercial Li-ion batteries.•Differential methods enable quantification of the amount of plated lithium.•Identification and separation of reversibly and irreversibly plated lithium.•Simplified model for the lithium plating-stripping process.•Extensive testing at various operating conditions elucidates the degradation process.
ISSN:0378-7753
1873-2755
DOI:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.060