N-acetyl-4-aminophenol (paracetamol) in urine samples of 6–11-year-old Danish school children and their mothers

Recent studies indicate an association between the use of paracetamol during pregnancy and reproductive disorders in male offspring. Furthermore, N-acetyl-4-aminophenol (NAAP, paracetamol) has been shown to be ubiquitously excreted in urine samples of the general population. To investigate the inter...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of hygiene and environmental health 2015-01, Vol.218 (1), p.28-33
Main Authors: Nielsen, Jeanette K.S., Modick, Hendrik, Mørck, Thit A., Jensen, Janne F., Nielsen, Flemming, Koch, Holger M., Knudsen, Lisbeth E.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics
Acetaminophen - therapeutic use
Acetaminophen - urine
Adult
Aniline
Biomonitoring
Body Burden
Child
Environmental Monitoring
Female
Human exposure
Humans
Male
N-acetyl-4-aminophenol
Paracetamol
Pregnancy
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Urine
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Summary:Recent studies indicate an association between the use of paracetamol during pregnancy and reproductive disorders in male offspring. Furthermore, N-acetyl-4-aminophenol (NAAP, paracetamol) has been shown to be ubiquitously excreted in urine samples of the general population. To investigate the internal body burden of the Danish population to NAAP for the first time, 288 morning urine samples from 6- to 11-year-old Danish school children and their mothers were analyzed for NAAP. NAAP was measurable in all mothers and all of the children except for one child. Results showed that there is a ubiquitous body burden of NAAP in Danish mothers and children even when paracetamol analgesics have not been used recently. Hence, several unknown sources of NAAP/paracetamol exposure have to exist. We found an association in NAAP excretion between the mothers and their children which could indicate common lifestyle related exposure (e.g. via food or indoor air sources). However, we did not detect any association between lifestyle data from questionnaires and levels of NAAP excretion in this study. The knowledge about possible sources of exposure leading to this omnipresent paracetamol excretion is limited and further investigation is wanted.
ISSN:1438-4639
1618-131X
DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.07.001