Effects of Fluid Load on Human Urine Characteristics Related to Workplace Drug Testing

During workplace drug testing, urine is tested for dilution, substitution and adulteration. Donors argue that these findings are due to medical, health or working conditions or diet and genetic differences. There is a paucity of data correlating changes in urine characteristics after a fluid load to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of analytical toxicology 2013-01, Vol.37 (1), p.5-10
Main Authors: Chaturvedi, Arvind K., Sershon, Jim L., Craft, Kristi J., Cardona, Patrick S., Soper, John W., Canfield, Dennis V., Dubowski, Kurt M., Whinnery, James E., Leyva, Misti J., Aston, Christopher E., Blevins, Steve M., Wright, Jonelle E., Fraser, Albert D., Kuntz, David J.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Beverages
Body Composition
Body Mass Index
Creatinine - urine
Ethnic Groups
Feeding Behavior
Female
Health Status
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Substance Abuse Detection - methods
Substance Abuse Detection - standards
Urinalysis - methods
Urinalysis - standards
Workplace - organization & administration
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Summary:During workplace drug testing, urine is tested for dilution, substitution and adulteration. Donors argue that these findings are due to medical, health or working conditions or diet and genetic differences. There is a paucity of data correlating changes in urine characteristics after a fluid load to various body parameters. Therefore, five urine specimens (one in the morning, one prior to drinking 800 mL of a beverage, and three time intervals thereafter) from 12 males and 12 females were tested for four different beverages on separate occasions. Of the 480 samples, 376 were in sufficient amounts. Of these 376, 36 (10%) had creatinine 0.05); for females with at least one dilute sample, height was 8% less and weight 20% less than females with no dilute samples (p > 0.05). Individuals with a higher RMR appear to have a greater potential for producing dilute urine specimens than those with a lower RMR. Thus, a dilute sample does not necessarily indicate that it was intentionally diluted. Such samples must be carefully evaluated in consideration with recent consumption of liquid by donors to avoid false accusations.
ISSN:0146-4760
1945-2403
DOI:10.1093/jat/bks082