Removal of bentazone using activated carbon from spent coffee grounds

Abstract BACKGROUND This study aimed to produce activated carbon (AC) from spent coffee ( Coffea arabica ) grounds by chemical activation using zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and nitric acid to remove bentazone from aqueous solutions. RESULTS The fresh spent coffee grounds were characterized by thermogravi...

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Published in:Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (1986) 2024-06, Vol.99 (6), p.1342-1355
Main Authors: Rocha, Bianca Caroline da Silva, Moraes, Luiz Eduardo Zani de, Santo, Diego Espirito, Peron, Ana Paula, Souza, Débora Cristina de, Bona, Evandro, Valarini, Osvaldo
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Activated carbon
Adsorption
Aqueous solutions
Bentazone
Bioassays
Calorimetry
Carbon
Coffea arabica
Coffee
Differential scanning calorimetry
Distilled water
Effluents
Infrared spectroscopy
Meristems
Nitric acid
Scanning electron microscopy
Sensitivity analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis
Toxicity
Toxicity testing
Water pollution
X-ray diffraction
Zinc chloride
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Summary:Abstract BACKGROUND This study aimed to produce activated carbon (AC) from spent coffee ( Coffea arabica ) grounds by chemical activation using zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) and nitric acid to remove bentazone from aqueous solutions. RESULTS The fresh spent coffee grounds were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the AC by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett– Teller (BET), point of zero charge, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Boehman method. Adsorption experiments were carried out in a batch system. The results showed a 70% efficiency in bentazone removal using ZnCl 2 carbon. Kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption rate increased slowly up to 720 min; the first‐ and second‐order models fitted the experimental data at a concentration of 50 mg L −1 . The adsorption equilibrium is represented by the Langmuir model with a high adsorption capacity of 279.33 ± 6.29 mg mg −1 . The adsorption efficiency was also confirmed by toxicity analysis of the effluent with bentazone at 50 mg L −1 , using the Allium cepa bioassay, a high‐sensitivity test for pollutants in water. CONCLUSION Before adsorption, the effluent caused significant cytogenotoxicity to onion root meristems. After adsorption, the generated effluent no longer caused toxicity to the test system, and the results obtained were similar to the control with distilled water. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
ISSN:0268-2575
1097-4660
DOI:10.1002/jctb.7630