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Trace-Level Detection of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in Edible Vegetable Oils Using Dicationic Ionic Liquids and MFe2O4-Based Effervescence-Enhanced Emulsification Microextraction Followed by ICP-MS Analysis
Conventional monitoring of metal ions in edible vegetable oils is crucial for assessing the quality and safety of consumers. In the current study, we developed a magnetic effervescence–enhanced emulsification microextraction (MEEM-DM) based on the employment of effervescent tablets composed of dicat...
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Published in: | Food analytical methods 2023-12, Vol.16 (11-12), p.1655-1672 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Conventional monitoring of metal ions in edible vegetable oils is crucial for assessing the quality and safety of consumers. In the current study, we developed a magnetic effervescence–enhanced emulsification microextraction (MEEM-DM) based on the employment of effervescent tablets composed of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs), MFe
2
O
4
nanoparticles, and acidic and alkaline sources. The MEEM-DM pre-treatment was combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis for trace-level detection of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in ten types of edible oil. It realized efficient preconcentration/extraction by DILs, vigorous dispersion by effervescent reaction, and rapid separation/collection by MFe
2
O
4
in one synchronous step. As the DIL ([C
n
(MIM)
2
]Br
2
) possesses two active centers, it provided superior adsorption/extraction performance for metal ions when compared with its corresponding monocationic form ([C
n
(MIM)]Br). Four types of MFe
2
O
4
were synthesized and characterized, in which NiFe
2
O
4
nanoparticles presented a larger specific surface area and smaller particle diameter than others. The optimized parameters for ICP-MS were as follows: flow rate of carrier gas, 1.15 L/min, and ICP ratio frequency power, 1550 W. The optimized MEEM-DM conditions were as follows: 0.46 g Na
2
CO
3
, 60 mg [C
4
(MIM)
2
]Br
2
, 45 mg Na[N(CN)
2
], 10 mg NiFe
2
O
4
, 0.58 g for each tablet, and 0.50 M HCl solution. The newly developed method gave satisfactory detection limits (0.076–0.086 μg/kg) and recoveries (96.9–105.8%) for Cr(VI) and Cu(II) that were comparable with conventional ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted acid-digestion methods. These superior performance metrics show an additive extraction action between DILs and MFe
2
O
4
in an effervescent reaction–enhanced microextraction and great potential in the conventional monitoring of heavy metals in edible oil samples. |
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ISSN: | 1936-9751 1936-976X |
DOI: | 10.1007/s12161-023-02528-y |