Trace-Level Detection of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in Edible Vegetable Oils Using Dicationic Ionic Liquids and MFe2O4-Based Effervescence-Enhanced Emulsification Microextraction Followed by ICP-MS Analysis

Conventional monitoring of metal ions in edible vegetable oils is crucial for assessing the quality and safety of consumers. In the current study, we developed a magnetic effervescence–enhanced emulsification microextraction (MEEM-DM) based on the employment of effervescent tablets composed of dicat...

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Published in:Food analytical methods 2023-12, Vol.16 (11-12), p.1655-1672
Main Authors: Wu, Jia, Lan, Shuning, Sun, Jiaju, She, Hui, Wang, Gang, Wen, Xingfu, Zhou, Shanle, Ying, Bingxia, Wang, Xuedong, Wang, Huili
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analytical Chemistry
Carrier gases
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Chemistry/Food Science
Chromium
Copper
Detection limits
Edible oils
Effervescence
Emulsification
Food Science
Heavy metals
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Ionic liquids
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Metal ions
Microbiology
Monitoring
Nanoparticles
Nickel ferrites
Particle size
Performance measurement
Quality assessment
Sodium carbonate
Vegetable oils
Vegetables
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Summary:Conventional monitoring of metal ions in edible vegetable oils is crucial for assessing the quality and safety of consumers. In the current study, we developed a magnetic effervescence–enhanced emulsification microextraction (MEEM-DM) based on the employment of effervescent tablets composed of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs), MFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles, and acidic and alkaline sources. The MEEM-DM pre-treatment was combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis for trace-level detection of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in ten types of edible oil. It realized efficient preconcentration/extraction by DILs, vigorous dispersion by effervescent reaction, and rapid separation/collection by MFe 2 O 4 in one synchronous step. As the DIL ([C n (MIM) 2 ]Br 2 ) possesses two active centers, it provided superior adsorption/extraction performance for metal ions when compared with its corresponding monocationic form ([C n (MIM)]Br). Four types of MFe 2 O 4 were synthesized and characterized, in which NiFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles presented a larger specific surface area and smaller particle diameter than others. The optimized parameters for ICP-MS were as follows: flow rate of carrier gas, 1.15 L/min, and ICP ratio frequency power, 1550 W. The optimized MEEM-DM conditions were as follows: 0.46 g Na 2 CO 3 , 60 mg [C 4 (MIM) 2 ]Br 2 , 45 mg Na[N(CN) 2 ], 10 mg NiFe 2 O 4 , 0.58 g for each tablet, and 0.50 M HCl solution. The newly developed method gave satisfactory detection limits (0.076–0.086 μg/kg) and recoveries (96.9–105.8%) for Cr(VI) and Cu(II) that were comparable with conventional ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted acid-digestion methods. These superior performance metrics show an additive extraction action between DILs and MFe 2 O 4 in an effervescent reaction–enhanced microextraction and great potential in the conventional monitoring of heavy metals in edible oil samples.
ISSN:1936-9751
1936-976X
DOI:10.1007/s12161-023-02528-y