Insight into the deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of oil palm empty fruit bunches: Effects of temperature, empty fruit bunch to solvent ratio, and time

This work aimed to comprehensively examine the pretreatment efficiency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using two different types of deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixtures, i.e., choline chloride/imidazole (DES-I) and choline chloride/glycerol (DES-G) in terms of pretreated EFB structural composi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Bioresources 2021-08, Vol.16 (3), p.6313-6341
Main Authors: Harun, Shuhaida, Mohd Tajuddin, Aqilah, Abdul Latif, Azuan, Mahmod, Safa Senan, Sajab, Mohd Shaiful, Markom, Masturah, Md Jahim, Jamaliah
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acids
Biomass
Black liquor
Carbohydrates
Cellulose
Chloride
Chlorides
Choline
Efficiency
Environmental impact
Enzymes
Fourier transforms
Fruits
Glucan
Glycerol
Hemicellulose
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrolysis
Imidazole
Infrared spectroscopy
Lignin
Moisture content
Pretreatment
Raw materials
Scanning electron microscopy
Solvents
Temperature effects
Vegetable oils
X-ray diffraction
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Summary:This work aimed to comprehensively examine the pretreatment efficiency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using two different types of deep eutectic solvent (DES) mixtures, i.e., choline chloride/imidazole (DES-I) and choline chloride/glycerol (DES-G) in terms of pretreated EFB structural composition and enzymatic hydrolysis. The influence of the pretreatment temperature (55 °C, 90 °C, 125 °C, 160 °C, and 195 °C), EFB to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20), and pretreatment time (2 h, 4 h, and 6 h) on the performance of pretreated EFB and the generated black liquor was examined. The optimal conditions for EFB pretreatment were 160 °C, 1:5 ratio, and 2 h using DES-I solvent, and 160 °C, 1:10 ratio and 4 h using DES-G solvent. The structural carbohydrates of empty fruit bunch pretreated with DES-I, DES-I EFB1 and DES-G, DES-G EFB2 increased to 66.1%, and 64.6%, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of DES-I EFB1 resulted in higher glucan conversion (92.4%) compared to DES-G EFB2, indicating that DES-I solvent was more efficient than DES-G for EFB pretreatment. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy confirmed the removal of lignin and hemicelluloses from EFB during pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis.
ISSN:1930-2126
1930-2126
DOI:10.15376/biores.16.3.6313-6341