Hydrogeochemical Mechanism Associated with Land Use Land Cover Indices Using Geospatial, Remote Sensing Techniques, and Health Risks Model

Land is a vital component of nature around the world and is essential for humans, terrestrial plants, and animals. However, urbanization is growing worldwide and the groundwater quality in urban areas is declining due to rapid development, industrialization, and pollution. Hence, it is important to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sustainability 2022-12, Vol.14 (24), p.16768
Main Authors: Jat Baloch, Muhammad Yousuf, Zhang, Wenjing, Shoumik, Baig Abdullah Al, Nigar, Anam, Elhassan, Adil A. M, Elshekh, Ali. E. A, Bashir, Maaz Osman, Mohamed Salih Ebrahim, Ahmed Fathi, Adam Mohamed, Khalaf alla, Iqbal, Javed
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquifers
Calcium ions
Carcinogens
China
Climate change
Climatic changes
Contamination
Drinking water
Geographic information systems
Groundwater
Groundwater pollution
Groundwater quality
Health aspects
Health risks
Hydrogeochemistry
India
Industrial development
Irrigation
Irrigation water
Land cover
Land use
Magnesium
Management
Methods
Nitrates
Normalized difference vegetative index
Pakistan
Quality assessment
Remote sensing
Risk assessment
Software
Sustainability
Urban areas
Urbanization
Vegetation
Water
Water pollution
Water quality
Water quality assessments
Water sampling
Water, Underground
Weathering
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Summary:Land is a vital component of nature around the world and is essential for humans, terrestrial plants, and animals. However, urbanization is growing worldwide and the groundwater quality in urban areas is declining due to rapid development, industrialization, and pollution. Hence, it is important to determine the hydrogeochemistry and changes concerning land use and land cover (LULC). This study was conducted to investigate the hydrogeochemical mechanism of Sargodha, one of Pakistan’s fastest-growing cities, during 2015 and 2021 under two different LULC indices named normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI). Forty-eight groundwater samples were collected in 2015 and 2021 to assess groundwater quality for domestic use and irrigation. The Piper diagram revealed that (Ca2++Mg2+–HCO3−+CO32−) and (Na++K+–SO42−+Cl−) were the main components of hydrogeochemistry in both years. The Gibbs plot and silicate weathering of groundwater samples indicated that rock dominance and silicate weathering played a major role in aquifers. Additionally, the results showed that 4% of the groundwater in 2015 and 21% of the groundwater samples in 2021 were unfit for human consumption. However, 37% and 40% of samples were considered not fit for irrigation in 2015 and 2021, respectively. The LULC, NDVI, and NDBI clearly revealed higher urban areas in 2021 compared to 2015. The relationship between groundwater parameters and land use land cover indices (NDVI and NDBI) explained that none had a major relationship. The non-carcinogenic risk showed health quotient HQ < 1, indicating no severe health risk due to nitrate (NO3−) exposure in the city. The current study suggests conducting future investigations considering a larger scale to recommend efficient management strategies, urbanization planning, and ensuring safe irrigation and drinking water to prevent groundwater pollution.
ISSN:2071-1050
2071-1050
DOI:10.3390/su142416768