Laboratory model of electrovortex flow with thermal gradients for liquid metal batteries

We present a novel laboratory setup for studying the fluid dynamics in liquid metal batteries (LMBs). LMBs are a promising technology suited for grid-scale energy storage, but flows remain a confounding factor in determining their viability. Two important drivers of flow are thermal gradients, cause...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Experiments in fluids 2022-11, Vol.63 (11), Article 178
Main Authors: Cheng, J. S., Mohammad, I., Wang, B., Forer, J. M., Kelley, D. H.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Energy storage
Engineering
Engineering Fluid Dynamics
Engineering Thermodynamics
Fluid dynamics
Fluid- and Aerodynamics
Gallium
Heat and Mass Transfer
Laboratories
Liquid metals
Principles
Research Article
Storage batteries
Temperature gradients
Thermocouples
Ultrasound Doppler Methods
Velocimetry
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Summary:We present a novel laboratory setup for studying the fluid dynamics in liquid metal batteries (LMBs). LMBs are a promising technology suited for grid-scale energy storage, but flows remain a confounding factor in determining their viability. Two important drivers of flow are thermal gradients, caused by internal heating during operation, and electrovortex flow (EVF), induced by diverging current densities. Our setup explores, for the first time, electrovortex flow combined with both adverse and stabilizing thermal gradients in a cylindrical layer of liquid gallium, simulating the behavior in a single layer of an LMB. In this work, we discuss the design principles underlying our choices of materials, thermal control, and current control. We also detail our diagnostic tools—thermocouple measurements for temperature and Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry probes for velocities—and the design principles which go into choosing their placement on the setup. We also include a discussion of our post-processing tools for quantifying and visualizing the flow. Finally, we validate convection and EVF in our setup: we show that scaling relationships between the nondimensional parameters produced by our data agree well with theory and previous studies. Graphical abstract
ISSN:0723-4864
1432-1114
DOI:10.1007/s00348-022-03525-3