Temperature and phase transitions of laser-ignited single iron particle

The combustion behavior of single laser-ignited iron particles is investigated. Transient particle radiant intensities at 850 nm and 950 nm are measured by post-processing recorded high-speed camera images using an in-house developed particle tracking program. Then, the time-resolved particle temper...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Combustion and flame 2022-02, Vol.236, p.111801, Article 111801
Main Authors: Ning, Daoguan, Shoshin, Yuriy, van Stiphout, Martijn, van Oijen, Jeroen, Finotello, Giulia, de Goey, Philip
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Brightness
Color
Combustion
Dissociation temperature
Eutectic reactions
High speed cameras
Ignition
Iron oxides
Iron particle
Lasers
Melting
Metal fuel
Oxygen
Particle temperature
Particle tracking
Phase diagrams
Phase transition
Phase transitions
Pyrometry
Solidification
Spear point
Temperature
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Summary:The combustion behavior of single laser-ignited iron particles is investigated. Transient particle radiant intensities at 850 nm and 950 nm are measured by post-processing recorded high-speed camera images using an in-house developed particle tracking program. Then, the time-resolved particle temperature is obtained based on two-color pyrometry. A plateau-like stage shortly after the ignition is repeatedly observed, and identified as iron particle melting by the measured temperature and the estimated melting time. Besides, an abrupt brightness jump near the end of combustion is observed for most burning particles, while a small portion of the particles (< 10%) show a second plateau-like stage instead. The particle temperature right after the brightness jump (1880±70 K) is almost identical to that during the second plateau-like stage. This temperature corresponds to two phase-change temperatures in the Fe-O phase diagram: i) L2 Fe3O4 (s) at 1869 K (congruent melting) and ii) L2 Fe3O4 (s) + O2 (g) at 1855 K (eutectic reaction), where L2 represents a liquid iron oxide. Based on this, the presence of the brightness jump (spear point) is explained by a sudden solidification of supercooled iron oxide droplets with an atomic O/Fe ratio larger than or close to 4/3. Particles’ near-peak temperatures are also measured based on time-integrated spectra. The results indicate that the near-peak temperature increases first fast and then slowly with an increase of oxygen concentration. At higher oxygen concentrations, smaller particles have a slightly lower temperature. The effect of particle size on the near-peak temperature is negligible at lower oxygen concentrations due to weaker radiation. The morphology of combusted particles is examined by micrography. Some burned particles appear as hollow thin-shell spheres at all adopted oxygen concentrations. Additionally, nano oxides are found at 13–51% oxygen concentrations. Less traces of nano oxides were observed at reduced oxygen concentrations. The nano-oxide formation mechanisms are analyzed based on thermochemical equilibrium calculations.
ISSN:0010-2180
1556-2921
DOI:10.1016/j.combustflame.2021.111801