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A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed
Purpose The inclusion of insect protein into the food system has been proposed as a promising solution to ensure future food security and mitigate negative environmental impacts related to food production. However, the market volume for edible insects in Europe is still small; consequently, producer...
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| Published in: | The international journal of life cycle assessment 2021-10, Vol.26 (10), p.1959-1976 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-b3d780de1772c1dfc981c3b44ef1b2b016456af2f13d50bf6874672b7ee8f7c63 |
| container_end_page | 1976 |
| container_issue | 10 |
| container_start_page | 1959 |
| container_title | The international journal of life cycle assessment |
| container_volume | 26 |
| creator | Spykman, Raphaela Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi Peguero, Daniela A. Green, Ashley Heinz, Volker Smetana, Sergiy |
| description | Purpose
The inclusion of insect protein into the food system has been proposed as a promising solution to ensure future food security and mitigate negative environmental impacts related to food production. However, the market volume for edible insects in Europe is still small; consequently, producers need a decision-support system to ensure the sustainable upscaling of the sector. The study analyzed environmental and economic impacts of insect production to identify the most eco-efficient production scenarios.
Methods
A novel modular eco-efficiency assessment approach was developed to analyze the production of dried
Hermetia illucens
larvae. An exemplary, industrial-scale insect production system was disaggregated into a total of 29 module variants that can be combined into 4608 distinct production scenarios, which are characterized by different feeds, energy efficiencies, and processing technologies. Environmental life cycle and cost assessments were carried out for each module variant, and eco-efficiency assessment was used to jointly assess these two sustainability dimensions. Additionally, the influence of the insect feed on the production system performance and impact was investigated by employing feed-specific scaling factors. These were used to aggregate module results into production scenario results.
Results and discussion
The most eco-efficient production scenarios include energy-efficient rearing facilities that rely on blanching and microwave drying for processing. The insect feed is the largest contributor to the environmental impacts and costs, but from an eco-efficiency standpoint, the choice of feed might not be crucial. Waste-type feeds (e.g., manure, fruit, and vegetable waste) have low environmental impacts and costs, but the production scenarios based on these feeds are less efficient. The low impacts of the feed are offset by higher impacts during the rearing and processing stages. Conversely, scenarios based on higher quality feeds (e.g., by-products like wheat middlings or distiller’s grains) require less resources, but the initial feed impacts and costs are higher. Moreover, of the feed types studied, only highly processed ones, such as compound chicken feed, should be avoided for insect rearing.
Conclusions
The developed modular assessment approach is efficient in assessing multiple potential insect production scenarios. It can be adapted to incorporate additional variations of the production system via additional modules. Limitati |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11367-021-01986-y |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2593746524</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2593746524</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-b3d780de1772c1dfc981c3b44ef1b2b016456af2f13d50bf6874672b7ee8f7c63</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kM1OwzAQhC0EEqXwApwscQ74J7GTY1UBRarEBc6WY68hVWIXO6nUZ-ClcVskbhxWe9hvZkeD0C0l95QQ-ZAo5UIWhNGC0KYWxf4MzaigZSErws7RjDRlXXBeNpfoKqUNySRpqhn6XuAh2KnXEYPfdTH4Afyoe6y9xWCCD0NnsE4JUjpcsN5u-w4sHgMePwFvY1absQseB4dXEAcYO427vp8M-ISz8U5DNsD6wI7QeZzCFA1gF2KeYI-vHIC9RhdO9wlufvccvT89vi1Xxfr1-WW5WBeGCz4WLbeyJhaolMxQ60xTU8PbsgRHW9YSKspKaMcc5bYirRO1LIVkrQSonTSCz9HdyTcH-pogjWqTE_n8UrGq4ZmuWJkpdqJMDClFcGobu0HHvaJEHUpXp9JVrlIdS1f7LOInUcqw_4D4Z_2P6geu1IgB</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2593746524</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed</title><source>Springer Link</source><creator>Spykman, Raphaela ; Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi ; Peguero, Daniela A. ; Green, Ashley ; Heinz, Volker ; Smetana, Sergiy</creator><creatorcontrib>Spykman, Raphaela ; Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi ; Peguero, Daniela A. ; Green, Ashley ; Heinz, Volker ; Smetana, Sergiy</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
The inclusion of insect protein into the food system has been proposed as a promising solution to ensure future food security and mitigate negative environmental impacts related to food production. However, the market volume for edible insects in Europe is still small; consequently, producers need a decision-support system to ensure the sustainable upscaling of the sector. The study analyzed environmental and economic impacts of insect production to identify the most eco-efficient production scenarios.
Methods
A novel modular eco-efficiency assessment approach was developed to analyze the production of dried
Hermetia illucens
larvae. An exemplary, industrial-scale insect production system was disaggregated into a total of 29 module variants that can be combined into 4608 distinct production scenarios, which are characterized by different feeds, energy efficiencies, and processing technologies. Environmental life cycle and cost assessments were carried out for each module variant, and eco-efficiency assessment was used to jointly assess these two sustainability dimensions. Additionally, the influence of the insect feed on the production system performance and impact was investigated by employing feed-specific scaling factors. These were used to aggregate module results into production scenario results.
Results and discussion
The most eco-efficient production scenarios include energy-efficient rearing facilities that rely on blanching and microwave drying for processing. The insect feed is the largest contributor to the environmental impacts and costs, but from an eco-efficiency standpoint, the choice of feed might not be crucial. Waste-type feeds (e.g., manure, fruit, and vegetable waste) have low environmental impacts and costs, but the production scenarios based on these feeds are less efficient. The low impacts of the feed are offset by higher impacts during the rearing and processing stages. Conversely, scenarios based on higher quality feeds (e.g., by-products like wheat middlings or distiller’s grains) require less resources, but the initial feed impacts and costs are higher. Moreover, of the feed types studied, only highly processed ones, such as compound chicken feed, should be avoided for insect rearing.
Conclusions
The developed modular assessment approach is efficient in assessing multiple potential insect production scenarios. It can be adapted to incorporate additional variations of the production system via additional modules. Limitations include the potential for redundant module combinations and the up-front time investment needed. Finally, the results are sensitive to methodological choices: thus, these should be carefully considered and communicated during the design of the modular assessment system.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0948-3349</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7502</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11367-021-01986-y</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Blanching ; Costs ; Decision support systems ; Drying ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Economic analysis ; Economic impact ; Efficiency ; Energy efficiency ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology ; Environmental impact ; Food ; Food production ; Food security ; Food sources ; Hermetia illucens ; Insects ; Larvae ; Lca for Agricultural Practices and Biobased Industrial Products ; Life cycle costs ; Life cycles ; Modular design ; Modular systems ; Modules ; Production methods ; Proteins ; Scaling factors ; Sustainability</subject><ispartof>The international journal of life cycle assessment, 2021-10, Vol.26 (10), p.1959-1976</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-b3d780de1772c1dfc981c3b44ef1b2b016456af2f13d50bf6874672b7ee8f7c63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-b3d780de1772c1dfc981c3b44ef1b2b016456af2f13d50bf6874672b7ee8f7c63</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5471-0521</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,786,790,27957,27958</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Spykman, Raphaela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peguero, Daniela A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, Ashley</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinz, Volker</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smetana, Sergiy</creatorcontrib><title>A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed</title><title>The international journal of life cycle assessment</title><addtitle>Int J Life Cycle Assess</addtitle><description>Purpose
The inclusion of insect protein into the food system has been proposed as a promising solution to ensure future food security and mitigate negative environmental impacts related to food production. However, the market volume for edible insects in Europe is still small; consequently, producers need a decision-support system to ensure the sustainable upscaling of the sector. The study analyzed environmental and economic impacts of insect production to identify the most eco-efficient production scenarios.
Methods
A novel modular eco-efficiency assessment approach was developed to analyze the production of dried
Hermetia illucens
larvae. An exemplary, industrial-scale insect production system was disaggregated into a total of 29 module variants that can be combined into 4608 distinct production scenarios, which are characterized by different feeds, energy efficiencies, and processing technologies. Environmental life cycle and cost assessments were carried out for each module variant, and eco-efficiency assessment was used to jointly assess these two sustainability dimensions. Additionally, the influence of the insect feed on the production system performance and impact was investigated by employing feed-specific scaling factors. These were used to aggregate module results into production scenario results.
Results and discussion
The most eco-efficient production scenarios include energy-efficient rearing facilities that rely on blanching and microwave drying for processing. The insect feed is the largest contributor to the environmental impacts and costs, but from an eco-efficiency standpoint, the choice of feed might not be crucial. Waste-type feeds (e.g., manure, fruit, and vegetable waste) have low environmental impacts and costs, but the production scenarios based on these feeds are less efficient. The low impacts of the feed are offset by higher impacts during the rearing and processing stages. Conversely, scenarios based on higher quality feeds (e.g., by-products like wheat middlings or distiller’s grains) require less resources, but the initial feed impacts and costs are higher. Moreover, of the feed types studied, only highly processed ones, such as compound chicken feed, should be avoided for insect rearing.
Conclusions
The developed modular assessment approach is efficient in assessing multiple potential insect production scenarios. It can be adapted to incorporate additional variations of the production system via additional modules. Limitations include the potential for redundant module combinations and the up-front time investment needed. Finally, the results are sensitive to methodological choices: thus, these should be carefully considered and communicated during the design of the modular assessment system.</description><subject>Blanching</subject><subject>Costs</subject><subject>Decision support systems</subject><subject>Drying</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Economic analysis</subject><subject>Economic impact</subject><subject>Efficiency</subject><subject>Energy efficiency</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Economics</subject><subject>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food production</subject><subject>Food security</subject><subject>Food sources</subject><subject>Hermetia illucens</subject><subject>Insects</subject><subject>Larvae</subject><subject>Lca for Agricultural Practices and Biobased Industrial Products</subject><subject>Life cycle costs</subject><subject>Life cycles</subject><subject>Modular design</subject><subject>Modular systems</subject><subject>Modules</subject><subject>Production methods</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Scaling factors</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><issn>0948-3349</issn><issn>1614-7502</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kM1OwzAQhC0EEqXwApwscQ74J7GTY1UBRarEBc6WY68hVWIXO6nUZ-ClcVskbhxWe9hvZkeD0C0l95QQ-ZAo5UIWhNGC0KYWxf4MzaigZSErws7RjDRlXXBeNpfoKqUNySRpqhn6XuAh2KnXEYPfdTH4Afyoe6y9xWCCD0NnsE4JUjpcsN5u-w4sHgMePwFvY1absQseB4dXEAcYO427vp8M-ISz8U5DNsD6wI7QeZzCFA1gF2KeYI-vHIC9RhdO9wlufvccvT89vi1Xxfr1-WW5WBeGCz4WLbeyJhaolMxQ60xTU8PbsgRHW9YSKspKaMcc5bYirRO1LIVkrQSonTSCz9HdyTcH-pogjWqTE_n8UrGq4ZmuWJkpdqJMDClFcGobu0HHvaJEHUpXp9JVrlIdS1f7LOInUcqw_4D4Z_2P6geu1IgB</recordid><startdate>20211001</startdate><enddate>20211001</enddate><creator>Spykman, Raphaela</creator><creator>Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi</creator><creator>Peguero, Daniela A.</creator><creator>Green, Ashley</creator><creator>Heinz, Volker</creator><creator>Smetana, Sergiy</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TB</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-0521</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211001</creationdate><title>A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed</title><author>Spykman, Raphaela ; Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi ; Peguero, Daniela A. ; Green, Ashley ; Heinz, Volker ; Smetana, Sergiy</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c363t-b3d780de1772c1dfc981c3b44ef1b2b016456af2f13d50bf6874672b7ee8f7c63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Blanching</topic><topic>Costs</topic><topic>Decision support systems</topic><topic>Drying</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Economic analysis</topic><topic>Economic impact</topic><topic>Efficiency</topic><topic>Energy efficiency</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Economics</topic><topic>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Food production</topic><topic>Food security</topic><topic>Food sources</topic><topic>Hermetia illucens</topic><topic>Insects</topic><topic>Larvae</topic><topic>Lca for Agricultural Practices and Biobased Industrial Products</topic><topic>Life cycle costs</topic><topic>Life cycles</topic><topic>Modular design</topic><topic>Modular systems</topic><topic>Modules</topic><topic>Production methods</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Scaling factors</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Spykman, Raphaela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peguero, Daniela A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, Ashley</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heinz, Volker</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smetana, Sergiy</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Open Access</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Agriculture & Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Science Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>The international journal of life cycle assessment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Spykman, Raphaela</au><au>Hossaini, Sayed Mahdi</au><au>Peguero, Daniela A.</au><au>Green, Ashley</au><au>Heinz, Volker</au><au>Smetana, Sergiy</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed</atitle><jtitle>The international journal of life cycle assessment</jtitle><stitle>Int J Life Cycle Assess</stitle><date>2021-10-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>26</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1959</spage><epage>1976</epage><pages>1959-1976</pages><issn>0948-3349</issn><eissn>1614-7502</eissn><abstract>Purpose
The inclusion of insect protein into the food system has been proposed as a promising solution to ensure future food security and mitigate negative environmental impacts related to food production. However, the market volume for edible insects in Europe is still small; consequently, producers need a decision-support system to ensure the sustainable upscaling of the sector. The study analyzed environmental and economic impacts of insect production to identify the most eco-efficient production scenarios.
Methods
A novel modular eco-efficiency assessment approach was developed to analyze the production of dried
Hermetia illucens
larvae. An exemplary, industrial-scale insect production system was disaggregated into a total of 29 module variants that can be combined into 4608 distinct production scenarios, which are characterized by different feeds, energy efficiencies, and processing technologies. Environmental life cycle and cost assessments were carried out for each module variant, and eco-efficiency assessment was used to jointly assess these two sustainability dimensions. Additionally, the influence of the insect feed on the production system performance and impact was investigated by employing feed-specific scaling factors. These were used to aggregate module results into production scenario results.
Results and discussion
The most eco-efficient production scenarios include energy-efficient rearing facilities that rely on blanching and microwave drying for processing. The insect feed is the largest contributor to the environmental impacts and costs, but from an eco-efficiency standpoint, the choice of feed might not be crucial. Waste-type feeds (e.g., manure, fruit, and vegetable waste) have low environmental impacts and costs, but the production scenarios based on these feeds are less efficient. The low impacts of the feed are offset by higher impacts during the rearing and processing stages. Conversely, scenarios based on higher quality feeds (e.g., by-products like wheat middlings or distiller’s grains) require less resources, but the initial feed impacts and costs are higher. Moreover, of the feed types studied, only highly processed ones, such as compound chicken feed, should be avoided for insect rearing.
Conclusions
The developed modular assessment approach is efficient in assessing multiple potential insect production scenarios. It can be adapted to incorporate additional variations of the production system via additional modules. Limitations include the potential for redundant module combinations and the up-front time investment needed. Finally, the results are sensitive to methodological choices: thus, these should be carefully considered and communicated during the design of the modular assessment system.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11367-021-01986-y</doi><tpages>18</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5471-0521</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Blanching Costs Decision support systems Drying Earth and Environmental Science Economic analysis Economic impact Efficiency Energy efficiency Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Economics Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Environmental impact Food Food production Food security Food sources Hermetia illucens Insects Larvae Lca for Agricultural Practices and Biobased Industrial Products Life cycle costs Life cycles Modular design Modular systems Modules Production methods Proteins Scaling factors Sustainability |
| title | A modular environmental and economic assessment applied to the production of Hermetia illucens larvae as a protein source for food and feed |
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