Towards malaria field diagnosis based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering with on-chip sample preparation and near-analyte nanoparticle synthesis

•Chip based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering towards malaria field diagnosis.•Quantification and sensitive detection of hemozoin in malaria infected blood.•Synthesis of SERS-active Ag nanoparticles on site near analyte molecules.•Simple on-chip sample preparation without a laboratory requirement...

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Published in:Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical Chemical, 2021-09, Vol.343, p.130162, Article 130162
Main Authors: Yuen, Clement, Gao, Xiaohong, Yong, James Jia Ming, Prakash, Prem, Shobana, Chalapathy Raja, Kaushalya, Perera Adhikarige Taniya, Luo, Yuemei, Bai, Yanru, Yang, Chun, Preiser, Peter R., Liu, Quan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biomarkers
Blood cells
Diagnosis
Hemozoin detection
Malaria
Malaria field diagnosis
Nanoparticles
Near-analyte nanoparticle synthesis
On-chip sample preparation
Parasites
Raman spectra
Raman spectroscopy
Shelf life
Silver
Substrates
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
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Summary:•Chip based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering towards malaria field diagnosis.•Quantification and sensitive detection of hemozoin in malaria infected blood.•Synthesis of SERS-active Ag nanoparticles on site near analyte molecules.•Simple on-chip sample preparation without a laboratory requirement.•Facile cost-effective chip fabrication strategy without complicated equipment. We report a chip based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) developed towards malaria field diagnosis. Only a mixture of 10-μl water and 10-μl blood is required as the sample input to the chip. Water is the only lysing agent to hemolyze blood cells while keeping the malaria biomarkers, hemozoin biocrystals, at locally high concentrations within parasites and/or their vacuoles. Then, SERS-active silver nanoparticles are synthesized on site near hemozoin in these concentrated regions when the blood/water mixture flows through and dissolves dried chemical patches that are earlier deposited inside the channel, which subsequently arrives at the detection region for SERS measurements. It should be highlighted that the procedure can be accomplished without a laboratory requirement and the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals. Additionally, raw chemicals deposited inside the chip are chemically more stable than those readymade SERS substrates, thus the shelf life of the chip can be much longer. Furthermore, the chip yields analytical enhancement factor values ranging from 5.4 × 103 to 1.9 × 106 that are comparable to other ready-made SERS substrates in the literature. This strategy is capable of quantifying hemozoin concentrations in malaria infected human blood with a root-mean-square error of prediction of 0.3 μM, and a detection limit of 0.0025 % parasitemia level for parasites in the ring stage (equivalent to 125 parasites/μl) with a room of extra enhancement by switching the laser to a more suitable wavelength. These results show the feasibility to exploit this cost-effective yet highly sensitive SERS-based technique for malaria field diagnosis.
ISSN:0925-4005
1873-3077
DOI:10.1016/j.snb.2021.130162