Insights into decontamination of soils by phytoremediation: A detailed account on heavy metal toxicity and mitigation strategies

In the current era of rapid industrialization, the foremost challenge is the management of industrial wastes. Activities such as mining and industrialization spill over a large quantity of toxic waste that pollutes soil, water, and air. This poses a major environmental and health challenge. The toxi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Physiologia plantarum 2021-09, Vol.173 (1), p.287-304, Article ppl.13433
Main Authors: Rai, Gyanendra K., Bhat, Basharat A., Mushtaq, Muntazir, Tariq, Lubna, Rai, Pradeep K., Basu, Umer, Dar, Aejaz A., Islam, Sheikh T., Dar, Tanvir U. H., Bhat, Javaid A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Decontamination
Detoxification
Environmental hazards
Food chains
Hazardous wastes
Health hazards
Heavy metals
Industrial development
Industrial wastes
Industrialization
Mine wastes
Mitigation
Organic soils
Physiological effects
Phytoremediation
Plant growth
Pollutants
Reclamation
Sediment pollution
Soil contamination
Soil pollution
Soil remediation
Soil water
Soils
Toxic wastes
Toxicity
Waste management
Water pollution
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Summary:In the current era of rapid industrialization, the foremost challenge is the management of industrial wastes. Activities such as mining and industrialization spill over a large quantity of toxic waste that pollutes soil, water, and air. This poses a major environmental and health challenge. The toxic heavy metals present in the soil and water are entering the food chain, which in turn causes severe health hazards. Environmental clean‐up and reclamation of heavy metal contaminated soil and water are very important, and it necessitates efforts of environmentalists, industrialists, scientists, and policymakers. Phytoremediation is a plant‐based approach to remediate heavy metal/organic pollutant contaminated soil and water in an eco‐friendly, cost‐effective, and permanent way. This review covers the effect of heavy metal toxicity on plant growth and physiological process, the concept of heavy metal accumulation, detoxification, and the mechanisms of tolerance in plants. Based on plants' ability to uptake heavy metals and metabolize them within tissues, phytoremediation techniques have been classified into six types: phytoextraction, phytoimmobilization, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, and rhizodegradation. The development of research in this area led to the identification of metal hyper‐accumulators, which could be utilized for reclamation of contaminated soil through phytomining. Concurrently, breeding and biotechnological approaches can enhance the remediation efficiency. Phytoremediation technology, combined with other reclamation technologies/practices, can provide clean soil and water to the ecosystem.
ISSN:0031-9317
1399-3054
DOI:10.1111/ppl.13433