Impacts of Dust–Radiation versus Dust–Cloud Interactions on the Development of a Modeled Mesoscale Convective System over North Africa

Abstract This study evaluates the impact of dust–radiation–cloud interactions on the development of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) by comparing numerical experiments run with and without dust–radiation and/or dust–cloud interactions. An MCS that developed over North Africa on 4–6 July 2010 is u...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Monthly weather review 2019-09, Vol.147 (9), p.3301-3326
Main Authors:	Huang, Chu-Chun, Chen, Shu-Hua, Lin, Yi-Chiu, Earl, Kenneth, Matsui, Toshihisa, Lee, Hsiang-He, Tsai, I-Chun, Chen, Jen-Ping, Cheng, Chao-Tzuen
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Aerosols Anvil clouds Atmospheric particulates Backscatter Backscattering CALIPSO (Pathfinder satellite) Cloud development Cloud interaction Cloud structure Clouds Cold Cooling Dust Dust storms Environmental impact Freezing Hydrometeors Ice nucleation Ice particles Lidar Mesoscale convective systems Morphology Nucleation Numerical experiments Physics Precipitation Profiles Radiation Radiation effects Radiation-cloud interactions Rain Rainfall Satellite observation Storms Studies
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Summary:	Abstract This study evaluates the impact of dust–radiation–cloud interactions on the development of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) by comparing numerical experiments run with and without dust–radiation and/or dust–cloud interactions. An MCS that developed over North Africa on 4–6 July 2010 is used as a case study. The CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellites passed over the center of the MCS after it reached maturity, providing valuable profiles of aerosol backscatter and cloud information for model verification. The model best reproduces the MCS’s observed cloud structure and morphology when both dust–radiation and dust–cloud interactions are included. Our results indicate that the dust–radiation effect has a far greater influence on the MCS’s development than the dust-cloud effect. Results show that the dust-radiative effect, both with and without the dust–cloud interaction, briefly delays the MCS’s formation but ultimately produces a stronger storm with a more extensive anvil cloud. This is caused by dust–radiation-induced changes to the MCS’s environment. The impact of the dust–cloud effect on the MCS, on the other hand, is greatly affected by the presence of the dust–radiation interaction. The dust–cloud effect alone slows initial cloud development but enhances heterogeneous ice nucleation and extends cloud lifetime. When the dust–radiation interaction is added, increased transport of dust into the upper portions of the storm—due to a dust–radiation-driven increase in convective intensity—allows dust–cloud processes to more significantly enhance heterogeneous freezing activity earlier in the storm’s development, increasing updraft strength, hydrometeor growth (particularly for ice particles), and rainfall.
ISSN:	0027-0644 1520-0493