Environmental Presence of Hexavalent but Not Trivalent Chromium Causes Neurotoxicity in Exposed Drosophila melanogaster

A number of environmental chemicals are known to cause neurotoxicity to exposed organisms. Chromium (Cr), one of the major elements in earth’s crust, is a priority environmental chemical depending on its valence state, and limited information is available on its neurotoxic potential. We, therefore,...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Molecular neurobiology 2017-07, Vol.54 (5), p.3368-3387
Main Authors: Singh, Pallavi, Chowdhuri, D. Kar
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acetylcholinesterase - metabolism
Animals
Apoptosis
Apoptosis - drug effects
Ascorbic acid
Biomarkers - metabolism
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Brain
Brain - drug effects
Brain - metabolism
Cell Biology
Cell death
Chemicals
Cholinesterase Inhibitors - pharmacology
Chromium
Chromium - toxicity
Dietary supplements
Dopamine receptors
Dopaminergic Neurons - drug effects
Dopaminergic Neurons - metabolism
Drosophila melanogaster - drug effects
Drosophila melanogaster - physiology
Environmental Pollutants - toxicity
Exposure
Food
Ganglia, Invertebrate - metabolism
Glial cells
Insects
Larva - drug effects
Larva - metabolism
Larvae
Locomotor activity
Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial - drug effects
Models, Biological
Motor Activity - drug effects
Neurobiology
Neurology
Neurosciences
Neurotoxicity
Neurotoxins - toxicity
Oxidative stress
Oxidative Stress - drug effects
Peptide Hydrolases - metabolism
Reactive Nitrogen Species - metabolism
Reactive oxygen species
Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism
Salts
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Summary:A number of environmental chemicals are known to cause neurotoxicity to exposed organisms. Chromium (Cr), one of the major elements in earth’s crust, is a priority environmental chemical depending on its valence state, and limited information is available on its neurotoxic potential. We, therefore, explored the neurotoxic potential of environmentally present trivalent- (Cr(III)) and hexavalent-Cr (Cr(VI)) on tested brain cell types in a genetically tractable organism Drosophila melanogaster along with its organismal response. Third instar larvae of w 1118 were fed environmentally relevant concentrations (5.0–20.0 μg/ml) of Cr(III)- or Cr(VI)-salt-mixed food for 24 and 48 h, and their exposure effects were examined in different brain cells of exposed organism. A significant reduction in the number of neuronal cells was observed in organism that were fed Cr(VI)- but not Cr(III)-salt-mixed food. Interestingly, glial cells were not affected by Cr(III) or Cr(VI) exposure. The tested cholinergic and dopaminergic neuronal cells were affected by Cr(VI) only with the later by 20.0 μg/ml Cr(VI) exposure after 48 h. The locomotor activity was significantly affected by Cr(VI) in exposed organism. Concomitantly, a significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) coupled with increased oxidative stress led to apoptotic cell death in the tested brain cells of Cr(VI)-exposed Drosophila , which were reversed by vitamin C supplementation. Conclusively, the present study provides evidence of environmental Cr(VI)-induced adversities on the brain of exposed Drosophila along with behavioral deficit which would likely to have relevance in humans and recommends Drosophila as a model for neurotoxicity.
ISSN:0893-7648
1559-1182
DOI:10.1007/s12035-016-9909-z