The introduction of new hosts with human trade shapes the extant distribution of Toxoplasma gondii lineages

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan with a worldwide occurrence, but the determinants of the current pattern in the geographical distribution of T. gondii lineages and strains remain poorly understood. To test the influence of human trade on T. gondii populations, we conducted a population gen...

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Published in:PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2019-07, Vol.13 (7), p.e0007435-e0007435
Main Authors: Galal, Lokman, Sarr, Amedine, Cuny, Thomas, Brouat, Carine, Coulibaly, Fatoumata, Sembène, Mbacké, Diagne, Moustapha, Diallo, Mamoudou, Sow, Aliou, Hamidović, Azra, Plault, Nicolas, Dardé, Marie-Laure, Ajzenberg, Daniel, Mercier, Aurélien
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Africa, Western - epidemiology
Alleles
Animals
Biodiversity
Bioindicators
Biological indicators
Biology and Life Sciences
Biomonitoring
Chickens - parasitology
Cities
Cities and towns
Commerce
Discriminant analysis
Disease Reservoirs - parasitology
Earth Sciences
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
EDTA
Epidemiology
Europe - epidemiology
Genetic analysis
Genetic aspects
Genetic diversity
Genetic markers
Genetic Variation
Genetics, Population
Genotype
Geographical distribution
Geography
Hosts
House mouse
Human health and pathology
Human migration
Humans
Indicator organisms
Indicator species
Infections
Laboratories
Life Sciences
Mice - parasitology
Microsatellite Repeats
Microsatellites
Network analysis
Neurology
People and Places
Persistence
Phylogeny
Phylogeography
Physiological aspects
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
Population genetics
Population studies
Poultry Diseases - parasitology
Poultry Diseases - transmission
Protozoa
Rodents
Sailors
Santé publique et épidémiologie
Strains
Toxoplasma
Toxoplasma - genetics
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis, Animal - epidemiology
Toxoplasmosis, Animal - transmission
Tropical diseases
Vectors
Virulence
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Summary:Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan with a worldwide occurrence, but the determinants of the current pattern in the geographical distribution of T. gondii lineages and strains remain poorly understood. To test the influence of human trade on T. gondii populations, we conducted a population genetic study of 72 T. gondii animal isolates from Senegal, a West African country in which the ongoing inland progress of invasive murine hosts (introduced in port cities of Senegal since the 16th century by European sailors) is well described. Isolates were mainly collected on free-range poultry, which are considered as relevant bioindicators of T. gondii strain diversity in the domestic environment. Sampling was conducted in two port cities of Senegal (Dakar and Saint-Louis) and in one inland region (Kedougou). Population genetic analyses using 15 microsatellite markers revealed different patterns between port cities where lineages non-virulent for mice (type II, type III, and Africa 4) were predominant, and Kedougou where the mouse-virulent Africa 1 lineage was the most common. By considering the current spatial pattern in the inland progress of invasive rodents in Senegal, our results suggest that the invasive house mouse Mus musculus domesticus counter-selects the Africa 1 lineage in the invaded areas. The comparison of the microsatellite alleles of type II strains from Senegal to type II strains from other areas in Africa and Western Europe, using discriminant analysis of principal components and Network analysis, point to a mainly Western European origin of the type II lineage in Senegal. Collectively, these findings suggest that human-mediated intercontinental migrations of murine hosts are important vectors of T. gondii strains. Differential susceptibility of endemic and introduced murine hosts to various T. gondii strains probably determines the persistence of these strains in the environment, and therefore their availability for human and animal infection.
ISSN:1935-2735
1935-2727
1935-2735
DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007435