Personal exposure to fine particulate air pollution while commuting: An examination of six transport modes on an urban arterial roadway

Traffic-related air pollution in urban areas contributes significantly to commuters' daily PM2.5 exposures, but varies widely depending on mode of commuting. To date, studies show conflicting results for PM2.5 exposures based on mode of commuting, and few studies compare multiple modes of trans...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PloS one 2017-11, Vol.12 (11), p.e0188053-e0188053
Main Authors:	Chaney, Robert A, Sloan, Chantel D, Cooper, Victoria C, Robinson, Daniel R, Hendrickson, Nathan R, McCord, Tyler A, Johnston, James D
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Air pollution Airborne particulates Atmospheric pollution Automobile Driving Automobiles Bicycles Bicycling Biology and Life Sciences Birth weight Breathing Census of Population Cities Commuting Dosage Earth Sciences Engineering and Technology Environmental Exposure - analysis Environmental health Epidemiology Exposure Health aspects Humans Influence Light rail transportation Medicine and Health Sciences Metropolitan areas Motor vehicles Outdoor air quality Particle Size Particulate matter Particulate Matter - analysis Physical Sciences Pollution Pollution dispersion Public transportation Roads & highways Social Sciences Studies Traffic Transportation Transportation planning Urban areas Utah Vehicle Emissions - analysis Ventilation Walking
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Summary:	Traffic-related air pollution in urban areas contributes significantly to commuters' daily PM2.5 exposures, but varies widely depending on mode of commuting. To date, studies show conflicting results for PM2.5 exposures based on mode of commuting, and few studies compare multiple modes of transportation simultaneously along a common route, making inter-modal comparisons difficult. In this study, we examined breathing zone PM2.5 exposures for six different modes of commuting (bicycle, walking, driving with windows open and closed, bus, and light-rail train) simultaneously on a single 2.7 km (1.68 mile) arterial urban route in Salt Lake City, Utah (USA) during peak "rush hour" times. Using previously published minute ventilation rates, we estimated the inhaled dose and exposure rate for each mode of commuting. Mean PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 5.20 μg/m3 for driving with windows closed to 15.21 μg/m3 for driving with windows open. The estimated inhaled doses over the 2.7 km route were 6.83 μg for walking, 2.78 μg for cycling, 1.28 μg for light-rail train, 1.24 μg for driving with windows open, 1.23 μg for bus, and 0.32 μg for driving with windows closed. Similarly, the exposure rates were highest for cycling (18.0 μg/hr) and walking (16.8 μg/hr), and lowest for driving with windows closed (3.7 μg/hr). Our findings support previous studies showing that active commuters receive a greater PM2.5 dose and have higher rates of exposure than commuters using automobiles or public transportation. Our findings also support previous studies showing that driving with windows closed is protective against traffic-related PM2.5 exposure.
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203