Association between menarche and iron deficiency in non-anemic young women

The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) among non-pregnant, reproductive-age US women significantly exceeds rates among males. In clinical practice ID screening relies on hemoglobin, a late-stage indicator of ID. As a single, low-cost laboratory test to diagnose ID before anemia develops is lacking,...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2017-05, Vol.12 (5), p.e0177183-e0177183
Main Authors: Sekhar, Deepa L, Murray-Kolb, Laura E, Kunselman, Allen R, Weisman, Carol S, Paul, Ian M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adjustment
Adolescent
Adolescents
Adult
Age
Anemia
Assaying
Athletes
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Biology and Life Sciences
Biometrics
Bleeding
Body mass
Body mass index
Body weight
Chambers
Child
Children
Cross sections
Demography
Diagnosis
Dietary supplements
Disease control
Economic factors
Exercise
Female
Flowers
Food
Food supply
Health sciences
Hemoglobin
Hispanic people
Hispanics
Households
Humans
Hyperactivity
Independent variables
Indicators
Infants
Iron
Iron - deficiency
Iron deficiency diseases
Mathematical models
Medical laboratories
Medicine
Medicine and Health Sciences
Menarche
Middle Aged
Minority & ethnic groups
Mood
Nutrition
Parity
Pediatrics
Physical activity
Populations
Poverty
Pregnancy
Public health
Regression analysis
Restless legs syndrome
Risk factors
Security
Sleep
Social factors
Statistical analysis
Studies
Teenagers
Tobacco
Variables
Women's health
Womens health
Young Adult
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Summary:The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) among non-pregnant, reproductive-age US women significantly exceeds rates among males. In clinical practice ID screening relies on hemoglobin, a late-stage indicator of ID. As a single, low-cost laboratory test to diagnose ID before anemia develops is lacking, the study objective was to improve ID screening by identifying risk factors among non-anemic, iron-deficient reproductive age women. Cross-sectional data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2010. Hemoglobin identified non-anemic women. ID was defined using the body iron formula, requiring ferritin and transferrin receptor values. Logistic regression assessed the association of sociodemographic, behavioral, and reproductive risk factors in an anemia-based conceptual framework with non-anemic reproductive age women (12-49 years) with ID, as well as subsets of younger (12-21 years) and older (22-49 years) women, recognizing that risks may differ by age. Among 6216 women, 494 had ID (prevalence was 8.0%, 95% CI 7.3%, 8.6%). Among non-anemic younger women, 250 (8.7%, 95% CI 7.7%, 9.8%) had ID, compared to 244 (7.3%, 95% CI 6.4%, 8.2%) older women. Among younger women, menstruation for over 3 years was the only variable significantly associated with non-anemic ID (risk ratio 3.18, 95% CI 2.03, 4.96). No other significant risk factors were identified. Menstrual years was the only risk factor significantly associated with ID among non-anemic younger women. The negative results suggest ID risk factors among non-anemic women may need to be considered separately from those associated with ID anemia.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0177183