Residential Radon Exposure and Skin Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Danish Cohort

Although exposure to UV radiation is the major risk factor for skin cancer, theoretical models suggest that radon exposure can contribute to risk, and this is supported by ecological studies. We sought to confirm or refute an association between long-term exposure to residential radon and the risk f...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2015-08, Vol.10 (8), p.e0135642-e0135642
Main Authors: Bräuner, Elvira Vaclavik, Loft, Steffen, Sørensen, Mette, Jensen, Allan, Andersen, Claus Erik, Ulbak, Kaare, Hertel, Ole, Pedersen, Camilla, Tjønneland, Anne, Krüger Kjær, Susanne, Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis
Apartments
Background radiation
Basal cell carcinoma
Cancer
Carcinoma, Basal Cell - epidemiology
Carcinoma, Basal Cell - etiology
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - epidemiology
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - etiology
Confidence intervals
Denmark
Ecological risk assessment
Ecological studies
Environmental Exposure - adverse effects
Environmental risk
Exposure
Female
Hazards
Health aspects
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Housing
Humans
Incidence
Ionizing radiation
Male
Medical diagnosis
Melanoma
Melanoma - epidemiology
Melanoma - etiology
Middle Aged
Outdoor air quality
Prospective Studies
Radiation
Radon
Radon - toxicity
Radon content
Radon levels
Residential development
Risk factors
Skin cancer
Skin diseases
Skin Neoplasms - epidemiology
Skin Neoplasms - etiology
Socioeconomic factors
Squamous cell carcinoma
Statistical models
Studies
Sunlight
Ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet Rays
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Summary:Although exposure to UV radiation is the major risk factor for skin cancer, theoretical models suggest that radon exposure can contribute to risk, and this is supported by ecological studies. We sought to confirm or refute an association between long-term exposure to residential radon and the risk for malignant melanoma (MM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) using a prospective cohort design and long-term residential radon exposure. During 1993-1997, we recruited 57,053 Danish persons and collected baseline information. We traced and geocoded all residential addresses of the cohort members and calculated radon concentrations at each address lived in from 1 January 1971 until censor date. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate incidence rate-ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (CI) for the risk associated with radon exposure for NMSC and MM, and effect modification was assessed. Over a mean follow-up of 13.6 years of 51,445 subjects, there were 3,243 cases of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 317 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 329 cases of MM. The adjusted IRRs per 100 Bq/m3 increase in residential radon levels for BCC, SCC and MM were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.27), 0.90 (95% CI: 0.70, 1.37) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.50), respectively. The association between radon exposure and BCC was stronger among those with higher socio-economic status and those living in apartments at enrollment. Long-term residential radon exposure may contribute to development of basal cell carcinoma of the skin. We cannot exclude confounding from sunlight and cannot conclude on causality, as the relationship was stronger amongst persons living in apartments and non-existent amongst those living in single detached homes.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0135642