Identical assemblage of Giardia duodenalis in humans, animals and vegetables in an urban area in southern Brazil indicates a relationship among them

Giardia duodenalis infects humans and other mammals by ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food, or directly in environments with poor hygiene. Eight assemblages, designated A-H, are described for this species. We investigated by microscopy or by direct immunofluorescence technique the occur...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2015-03, Vol.10 (3), p.e0118065-e0118065
Main Authors: Colli, Cristiane Maria, Bezagio, Renata Coltro, Nishi, Letícia, Bignotto, Thaís Souto, Ferreira, Érika Cristina, Falavigna-Guilherme, Ana Lúcia, Gomes, Mônica Lúcia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Brazil
Causes of
Coliforms
Cysts
Cytoskeletal Proteins - genetics
Dehydrogenases
Development and progression
Dogs
E coli
Epidemiology
Ethics
Feces - parasitology
Food
Food contamination
Gene sequencing
Genotype
Giardia
Giardia duodenalis
Giardia lamblia
Giardia lamblia - classification
Giardia lamblia - genetics
Giardiasis
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Glutamate Dehydrogenase - genetics
Humans
Hygiene
Immunofluorescence
Infections
Ingestion
Irrigation
Laboratories
Microscopy
Molecular Sequence Data
Parasitology
Physiological aspects
Polymerase chain reaction
Population
Protozoan Proteins - genetics
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
Rural areas
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Studies
Urban areas
Vegetables
Vegetables - parasitology
Water - parasitology
Water analysis
Water pollution
Water sampling
Zoonoses
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Summary:Giardia duodenalis infects humans and other mammals by ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food, or directly in environments with poor hygiene. Eight assemblages, designated A-H, are described for this species. We investigated by microscopy or by direct immunofluorescence technique the occurrence of G. duodenalis in 380 humans, 34 animals, 44 samples of water and 11 of vegetables. G. duodenalis cysts present in samples were genotyped through PCR-RFLP of β giardin and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes and sequencing of gdh. The gdh gene was amplified in 76.5% (26/34) of the human faeces samples with positive microscopy and in 2.9% (1/34) of negative samples. In 70.4% (19/27) of the positive samples were found BIV assemblage. In two samples from dogs with positive microscopy and one negative sample, assemblages BIV, C, and D were found. Cysts of Giardia were not detected in water samples, but three samples used for vegetable irrigation showed total coliforms above the allowed limit, and Escherichia coli was observed in one sample. G. duodenalis BIV was detected in two samples of Lactuca sativa irrigated with this sample of water. BIV was a common genotype, with 100% similarity, between different sources or hosts (humans, animals and vegetables), and the one most often found in humans. This is the first study in Brazil that reports the connection among humans, dogs and vegetables in the transmission dynamics of G. duodenalis in the same geographic area finding identical assemblage. BIV assemblage was the most frequently observed among these different links in the epidemiological chain.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0118065