Recurrent die-offs of adult coho salmon returning to spawn in Puget Sound lowland urban streams

Several Seattle-area streams in Puget Sound were the focus of habitat restoration projects in the 1990s. Post-project effectiveness monitoring surveys revealed anomalous behaviors among adult coho salmon returning to spawn in restored reaches. These included erratic surface swimming, gaping, fin spl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PloS one 2011-12, Vol.6 (12), p.e28013
Main Authors:	Scholz, Nathaniel L, Myers, Mark S, McCarthy, Sarah G, Labenia, Jana S, McIntyre, Jenifer K, Ylitalo, Gina M, Rhodes, Linda D, Laetz, Cathy A, Stehr, Carla M, French, Barbara L, McMillan, Bill, Wilson, Dean, Reed, Laura, Lynch, Katherine D, Damm, Steve, Davis, Jay W, Collier, Tracy K
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Aging - drug effects Aging - physiology Agrochemicals Ammonia Animals Behavior, Animal - drug effects Bile - metabolism Biology Carcasses Chemistry Cities Clupea Clupea pallasii Contaminants Creeks & streams Data Collection Dissolved oxygen Ecological monitoring Ecological restoration Ecosystem Environmental Monitoring Environmental restoration Exposure Female Fish Fish Diseases - pathology Fish hatcheries Fish kills Fishes Forensic engineering Forensic science Forensic toxicology Fuel consumption Geography Gills - drug effects Gills - metabolism Habitat conservation Health aspects Hydrocarbons - toxicity Insecticides - toxicity Landscape Metals Metals - metabolism Mortality Motor vehicles Neurotoxins - toxicity Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus kisutch - physiology Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Ovum - drug effects Ovum - physiology Oxygen Pesticides Pesticides - toxicity Petroleum hydrocarbons Polls & surveys Pollution monitoring Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - toxicity Reproduction - drug effects Reproduction - physiology Restoration Rivers Runoff Salmon Solea solea Storm runoff Storm sewers Stormwater Stormwater management Streams Swimming Temperature Urban areas Urban environments Urban populations Urban runoff Washington Water pollution Water Quality Watersheds
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Summary:	Several Seattle-area streams in Puget Sound were the focus of habitat restoration projects in the 1990s. Post-project effectiveness monitoring surveys revealed anomalous behaviors among adult coho salmon returning to spawn in restored reaches. These included erratic surface swimming, gaping, fin splaying, and loss of orientation and equilibrium. Affected fish died within hours, and female carcasses generally showed high rates (>90%) of egg retention. Beginning in the fall of 2002, systematic spawner surveys were conducted to 1) assess the severity of the adult die-offs, 2) compare spawner mortality in urban vs. non-urban streams, and 3) identify water quality and spawner condition factors that might be associated with the recurrent fish kills. The forensic investigation focused on conventional water quality parameters (e.g., dissolved oxygen, temperature, ammonia), fish condition, pathogen exposure and disease status, and exposures to metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and current use pesticides. Daily surveys of a representative urban stream (Longfellow Creek) from 2002-2009 revealed premature spawner mortality rates that ranged from 60-100% of each fall run. The comparable rate in a non-urban stream was
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203